Semantic search
| Country | Right | Contents |
|---|---|---|
| Mozambique | Freedom of Religion | Freedom of religion was first noted in Article 33 of Mozambique’s 1975 constitution which stated that “[i]n the People’s Republic of Mozambique the State guarantees the freedom of citizens to practice or not to practice a religion” (Hein Online). The current Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique was ratified on December 21, 2004. Articles 12.3, 12.4, 35, 39, 54, 71.1, 251, and 286 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit discrimination. Articles 12.2 and 292.1(c) create a separation between religion and the state. Article 54 of Mozambique’s constitution states that “[a]ll citizens shall have the freedom to practice or not to practice a religion. Nobody shall be discriminated against… or benefit from or be exempt from duties, on the grounds of his faith or religious persuasion or practice” (constituteproject.org). "Section II: Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens ." Official English Translation, The Constitution of the People's Republic of Mozambique, 1975, pp. 5-6. HeinOnline, https://heinonline-org.uc.idm.oclc.org/HOL/P?h=hein.cow/zzmz0011&i=6. “Mozambique 2004 (Rev. 2007) Constitution.” Constitute. Accessed July 26, 2023. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Mozambique_2007. |
| Myanmar | Freedom of Religion | Freedom of religion was first conditionally protected under Article 21(b) of the 1947 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma which states that Burmese citizens “shall enjoy the right to profess their religion… provided the enjoyment of any such freedom does not offend the laws or the public interest” (Hein Online). The current Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar was ratified on 29 May 2008. Articles 34, 348, 352, 354(d), 363, and 368 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. Article 362 recognizes Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and Animism as religions in the country. Article 34 of Myanmar’s current constitution protects freedom of religion for its citizens. It states: “Every citizen is equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess and practise religion subject to public order, morality or health and to the other provisions of this Constitution” (constituteproject.org). "Chapter II: Basic Principles." The Constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma, 1974, pp. 4-7. HeinOnline, https://heinonline-org.uc.idm.oclc.org/HOL/P?h=hein.cow/zzmm0005&i=8. “Myanmar 2008 (Rev. 2015) Constitution.” Constitute. Accessed July 26, 2023. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Myanmar_2015. |
| Namibia | Freedom of Religion | Constitution of the Republic of Namibia was ratified on 09 February 1990. Articles 10.2, 14.1, 19, 21, and 97 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. The preamble and Article 1.1 declare Namibia a secular state. Freedom of religion is protected for Namibian citizens under Article 21 Section 1c which states that “[a]ll persons shall have the right to… freedom to practise any religion and to manifest such practice…” (constituteproject.org). Hishoono, Naita. “THE Constitution in the 21st Century Perspectives on the Context and Future of Namibia’s Supreme Law.” CMS. Namibia Institute for Democracy (NID) and the Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR), 2011. Last modified 2011. Accessed June 23, 2022. https://cms.my.na/assets/documents/p1a3o3rq6r1ci1ma2ld714vmtm1.pdf. “Namibia 1990 (Rev. 2014) Constitution.” Constitute. Accessed July 26, 2023. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Namibia_2014. |
| Nauru | Freedom of Religion | Article 11 Section 1 of Nauru’s 1968 constitution protects freedom of religion for its citizens. It states: “A person has the right to freedom of conscience, thought and religion, including freedom to change his religion or beliefs and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest and propagate his religion or beliefs in worship, teaching, practice and observance” (constituteproject.org). “Nauru 1968 (Rev. 2015) Constitution.” Constitute. Accessed July 26, 2023. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Nauru_2015. |
| Nepal | Freedom of Religion | Freedom of religion was mentioned in Nepal’s first constitution of 1948 in Article 4 which stated that “[s]ubject to the principles of public order and morality, this Constitution guarantees to the citizens of Nepal… freedom of worship…” (Hein Online). Freedom of religion is now protected under Article 26 Section 1 of the current constitution which states that “[e]ach person shall be free to profess, practice, and preserve his/her religion according to his/her faith” (constituteproject.org). “Nepal 2015 (Rev. 2016) Constitution.” Constitute. Accessed July 26, 2023. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Nepal_2016. "Part III: The Executive." Constitution of Nepal. Katmandu, 26th January, 1948., 1948, pp. 658-660. HeinOnline, https://heinonline-org.uc.idm.oclc.org/HOL/P?h=hein.cow/zznp0020&i=3. |
| New Zealand | Freedom of Religion | The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act (NZBORA) of 1990 was ratified on 28 August 1990; the Human Rights Act of 1993 was ratified 10 August 1993. Articles 13, 15, and 20 of the NZBORA and Articles 21.1(c), 21.1(d), 25.1(ai), 26, 27.2, 28, 39.1, 55, and 58.1 of the HRA grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. Article 13 of the 1990 New Zealand Bill of Rights Act states that “[e]veryone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion, and belief, including the right to adopt and to hold opinions without interference” (constituteproject.org). Parliament of New Zealand. “Human Rights Act 1993.” New Zealand Legislation. The Parliamentary Counsel Office, 2021. Last modified 2021. Accessed June 23, 2022. https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1993/0082/latest/whole.html#DLM304490. Parliament of New Zealand. “New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990.” New Zealand Legislation. Parliamentary Counsel Office, 2011. Last modified 2011. Accessed June 23, 2022. https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1990/0109/latest/whole.html#DLM224792. “New Zealand 1852 (Rev. 2014) Constitution.” Constitute. Accessed July 26, 2023. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/New_Zealand_2014. |
| Nicaragua | Freedom of Religion | Free practice of religion was prohibited in the first Nicaraguan constitution of 1826, with Title 4 Chapter 2 Article 46 establishing that “[t]he Religion of the State is the Catholic, Apostolic, Roman, with the exclusion of the public exercise of any other” (Hein Online, 1826). Freedom of religion was first protected in the 1838 constitution under Article 53 which established Catholicism as the state religion, but stipulated that “the public exercise of the other religions is not prohibited” (Hein Online, 1838). The current Constitution of Nicaragua was ratified on January 1, 1987. Articles 27, 29, 49, 69, 82.1, 124, and 180 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit discrimination. Article 14 declares that Nicaragua has no official religion. Article 29 states: “[e]veryone has the right to freedom of conscience and thought and to profess or not profess a religion” (constituteproject.org). "Chapter 1: General Provisions." Constitution of the State of Nicaragua 8 April 1826, 1826, pp. 7-8. HeinOnline, https://heinonline-org.uc.idm.oclc.org/HOL/P?h=hein.cow/zzni0038&i=7. "Chapter V: Of the Government and of Religion." Political Constitution of the Sovereign, Free and Independent State of Nicaragua 12 November 1838, 1838, pp. 8-8. HeinOnline, https://heinonline-org.uc.idm.oclc.org/HOL/P?h=hein.cow/zzni0040&i=8. “Nicaragua 1987 (Rev. 2014) Constitution.” Constitute. Accessed July 26, 2023. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Nicaragua_2014. |
| Niger | Freedom of Religion | The Constitution of Niger was ratified on 31 October 2010. Articles 8, 17, and 30 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. Article 3 declares a separation of church and state. Article 30 of the 2010 Niger constitution ostates: “Any person has the right to freedom of thought, of opinion, of expression, of conscience, of religion and of worship [culte]” (constituteproject.org). “Niger 2010 (Rev. 2017) Constitution.” Constitute. Accessed July 26, 2023. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Niger_2017. |
| Nigeria | Freedom of Religion | Article 23.1 of the 1960 Nigerian constitution is the first time freedom of religion was protected for Nigerian citizens. It states: “Every person shall be entitled to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, including freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom… to manifest and propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance” (Hein Online). The current Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria was ratified on May 29, 1999. Articles 15.2, 38, and 42.1 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious freedom. Article 10 forbids a declaration of a state religion. Article 38.1 of the current constitution uses the same language concerning freedom of religion as the 1960 Constitution (constituteproject.org). "Chapter III: Fundamental Rights." CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERATION OF NIGERIA, pp. [17]-[27]. HeinOnline, https://heinonline-org.uc.idm.oclc.org/HOL/P?h=hein.cow/zzng0011&i=22. “Nigeria 1999 (Rev. 2011) Constitution.” Constitute. Accessed July 26, 2023. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Nigeria_2011. National Assembly of Nigeria. “Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.” Nigeria Law. Nigeria Law, 2011. Last modified 2011. Accessed June 23, 2022. http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm. |
| North Korea | Freedom of Religion | Freedom of religion was first established in North Korea under Part II Article 14 of the 1948 constitution which stated that “[e]very citizen shall have freedom of religion…” (Hein Online). Freedom of religion is now conditionally protected under Article 68 of the 1972 constitution. It states that “[c]itizens have freedom of religious belief. This right is granted through the approval of the construction of religious buildings and the holding of religious ceremonies. Religion must not be used as a pretext for drawing in foreign forces or for harming the State or social order” (constituteproject.org). “Korea (Democratic People’s Republic of) 1972 (Rev. 2016) Constitution.” Constitute. Accessed July 26, 2023. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Peoples_Republic_of_Korea_2016. "Part II: General Provisions." Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, pp. 2-4. HeinOnline, https://heinonline-org.uc.idm.oclc.org/HOL/P?h=hein.cow/zzkp0005&i=2. |
| North Macedonia | Freedom of Religion | The Constitution of the Republic of North Macedonia was ratified on 17 November 1991. Articles 9, 19, 20, 48, 54, 110, and amendments VII.2 and VIII.1 grant religious freedom, equality and prohibit religious discrimination. Article 19 and Amendment VII.1 declares a separation of church and state. Article 19 states: “The freedom of religious confession is guaranteed. The right to express one's faith freely and publicly, individually or with others is guaranteed” (constituteproject.org). It also further elaborates and states that “[t]he Macedonian Orthodox Church and other religious communities and groups are separate from the state and equal before the law…” (constituteproject.org). “North Macedonia (Republic of) 1991 (Rev. 2011) Constitution.” Constitute. Accessed July 26, 2023. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Macedonia_2011. Republic of Macedonia. “Constitution of the Republic of North Macedonia.” Government of the Republic of North Macedonia. Last modified 2019. Accessed June 24, 2022. https://vlada.mk/sites/default/files/dokumenti/zakoni/the_constitution_of_the_republic_of_north_macedonia_containing_the_valid_constitutional_provisions_in_force_as_amended_by_constitutional_amendments_i-xxxvi.pdf. |
| Norway | Freedom of Religion | {{{contents}}} |
| Oman | Freedom of Religion | Freedom of religion is conditionally protected in Oman under Article 28 of the 1996 constitution: “The freedom to practice religious rites according to recognised customs is protected, provided it does not violate the public order or contradict morals” (constituteproject.org). However, Article 2 also establishes that “[t]he religion of the State is Islam and Islamic Sharia is the basis for legislation” (constituteproject.org). “Oman 1996 (Rev. 2011) Constitution.” Constitute. Accessed July 26, 2023. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Oman_2011. Sultan Haitham . “ROYAL DECREE NO. (101/96).” Ministry of Justice and Legal Affairs . Last modified 2022. Accessed June 24, 2022. https://www.mjla.gov.om/eng/basicstatute.aspx. |
| Pakistan | Freedom of Religion | Part II Article 18(a) of the first Pakistani constitution of 1956 states that while Islam is the state religion, freedom of religion is conditionally protected: “Subject to law, public order and morality… every citizen shall have the right to profess, practice and propagate any religion…” (Hein Online). This continues to be protected in Part I Section 2 of the current constitution which was ratified in 1973 (constituteproject.org). “Pakistan 1973 (Reinst. 2002, Rev. 2018) Constitution.” Constitute. Accessed July 26, 2023. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Pakistan_2018. "Part II: Fundamental Rights." Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, pp. [27]-[37]. HeinOnline, https://heinonline-org.uc.idm.oclc.org/HOL/P?h=hein.cow/zzpk0008&i=34. |
| Palau | Freedom of Religion | The Constitution of the Republic of Palau was ratified on 9 July 1980. Articles IV section 1 and section 5 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. Article IV section 1 declares no official state religion. Article IV Section 1 states “[t]he government shall take no action to deny or impair the freedom of conscience or of philosophical or religious belief of any person nor take any action to compel, prohibit or hinder the exercise of religion” (constituteproject.org). “Palau 1981 (Rev. 1992) Constitution.” Constitute. Accessed July 26, 2023. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Palau_1992. |
| Panama | Freedom of Religion | Freedom of religion in Panama was first protected in the constitution of 1904. Article 26 established that while Catholicism was recognized as the majority religion, “[t]he profession of all religions is free…” (Hein Online). The current Constitution of Panama was ratified on October 11, 1972. Articles 19, 35, 36, 45, 67, 94, 181 and 300 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. Article 35 recognizes that the majority of Panamanians are Catholic and article 107 declares that Catholicism is to be taught in schools. Article 35 of the 1972 constitution states that “[a]ll religions may be professed and all forms of worship practiced freely, without any other limitation than respect for Christian morality and public order. It is recognized that the Catholic religion is practiced by the majority of Panamanians" (constituteproject.org). “Panama 1972 (Rev. 2004) Constitution.” Constitute. Accessed July 26, 2023. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Panama_2004. |
| Papua New Guinea | Freedom of Religion | Freedom of religion is conditionally protected under Article 45 in Papua New Guinea’s 1975 constitution: “Every person has the right to freedom of conscience, thought and religion and the practice of his religion and beliefs, including freedom to manifest and propagate his religion and beliefs in such a way as not to interfere with the freedom of others, except to the extent that the exercise of that right is regulated or restricted by a law that complies with Section 38…” (constituteproject.org). Articles 2.1, 2.5, 45, 55.1, and 233.3(aiii) grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. Parliament of Papua New Guinea. “Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea.” National Parliament of Papua New Guinea. Last modified 2022. Accessed June 24, 2022. https://www.parliament.gov.pg/constitution-of-the-independent-state-of-papua-new-guinea. “Papua New Guinea 1975 (Rev. 2016) Constitution.” Constitute. Accessed July 26, 2023. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Papua_New_Guinea_2016. |
| Paraguay | Freedom of Religion | Freedom of religion was first protected in Paraguay under the constitution of 1870. Part I Chapter I Article 3 states that while Roman Catholicism is the state religion, “Congress… shall not have power to forbid the free exercise of any other religion…” (Hein Online). The current Constitution of the Republic of Paraguay was ratified on June 20, 1992. Articles 24, 37, 63, 74 and 88 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. Article 24 declares the relationship between the state and the Catholic church to be independent, cooperative, and autonomy. Article 24 states that “[t]he freedom of religion, of worship, and ideological [freedom] are recognized without any restrictions other than those established in this Constitution and in the law” (constituteproject.org). "Chapter I: General Declarations." Constitution of the Republic of Paraguay, pp. 1-3. HeinOnline, https://heinonline-org.uc.idm.oclc.org/HOL/P?h=hein.cow/zzpy0009&i=2. “Paraguay 1992 (Rev. 2011) Constitution.” Constitute. Accessed July 26, 2023. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Paraguay_2011. |
| Peru | Freedom of Religion | The current Constitution of Peru was ratified on 31 December 1993. Articles 2.2, 2.3, and 37 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. Article 50 recognizes the Catholic Church as historically, culturally, and morally important. Constitution Project. “Peru 1993 (Rev. 2021) Constitution.” Constitute. POGO, April 27, 2022. Last modified April 27, 2022. Accessed June 24, 2022. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Peru_2021?lang=en. |
| Philippines | Freedom of Religion | The constitution of the Republic of the Philippines was ratified on February 2, 1987. Articles 3 section 5, 6 Section 28(3), 14 Section 3(3) grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit discrimination. Article 3 section 5 forbids the Philippines from the establishment of a state religion. Constitutional Commission of 1986. “The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines: Govph.” Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Last modified 2022. Accessed June 24, 2022. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/. |
| Poland | Freedom of Religion | The Constitution of the Republic of Poland was ratified on April 2, 1997. Articles 25, 35.2, 53, 85.3, 233.1 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. “THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND OF 2nd APRIL, 1997.” The Sejm of the Republic of Poland. Last modified 1997. Accessed June 24, 2022. https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm. |
| Portugal | Freedom of Religion | The Constitution of the Portuguese Republic was ratified on 2 April 1976. Articles 13.2, 19.6, 35.3, 41, and 59.1 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. Article 41.4 creates a separation of Church and State. Parliament of Portugal. “Constitution of the Portuguese Republic Seventh Revision.” Assembly of the Republic. Last modified 2005. Accessed June 24, 2022. https://www.parlamento.pt/sites/EN/Parliament/Documents/Constitution7th.pdf. |
| Qatar | Freedom of Religion | The Constitution of Qatar Dastūr was ratified on 9 April 2004. Articles 35 and 50 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. Article 1 declares Islam the Official religion. Qatar Constitutional Committee . “The Constitution.” Government Communications Office. Last modified 2022. Accessed June 24, 2022. https://www.gco.gov.qa/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/GCO-Constitution-English.pdf. |
| Republic of Ireland | Freedom of Religion | Freedom of religion is guaranteed in the Constitution and religious groups are not required to register with the government. In terms of schooling, religion classes are permitted but parents can opt their students out (U.S. Department of State, "IRELAND 2018 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT"). |
| Republic of the Congo | Freedom of Religion | The first assertion of freedom of religion was in the 1991 Constitution of the Republic of the Congo under Title II, Article 26. This article articulates freedom of conscience and belief in religious and philosophical ideas and includes the specification that no one should be relieved from fulfilling a civic duty because of religious opinion. The current Constitution of the Republic of the Congo was ratified on September 22, 2015. Articles 15 and grant religious freedom, equality, and protections. The preamble, Articles 1 and 61 declare the Republic of the Congo as a secular state. Constitution of the Republic of Congo, Refworld, UNHCR 1992. https://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain/opendocpdf.pdf?reldoc=y&docid=52930da94 https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Congo_2015.pdf?lang=en |
| Romania | Freedom of Religion | The Constitution of Romania was ratified on 8 December 1991. Articles 4.2, 6.1, 7, 29, 32.7, and 44.4 grants religious freedom, equality, and prohibits religious discrimination. Presidential Administration of Romania. “The Constitution of Romania.” Presidency of Romania . Last modified 2022. Accessed June 24, 2022. https://www.presidency.ro/en/the-constitution-of-romania. |
| Russia | Freedom of Religion | The Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations was ratified on September 26, 1997. This law grants religious freedom, equality, and prohibits religious discrimination. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. “Russia: Information on the Law ‘on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations’ and Its Impact on Religious Minorities.” Refworld. Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, November 1997. Last modified November 1997. Accessed June 27, 2022. https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ab968.html. |
| Rwanda | Freedom of Religion | The Constitution of Rwanda was ratified on May 26, 2003. Articles 16, 37, 57, and 136 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. Article 4 declares Rwanda a secular state. Constitution Project. “Rwanda 2003 (Rev. 2015) Constitution.” Constitute. POGO, April 27, 2022. Last modified April 27, 2022. Accessed June 27, 2022. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Rwanda_2015?lang=en. |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | Freedom of Religion | The Saint Christopher and Nevis Constitution Order 1983 was ratified on June 23, 1983. Articles 11 and 15 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. The National Assembly of Saint Kitts and Nevis . “Constitution of St. Christopher and Nevis.” Nevis Island Administration. Last modified October 28, 2017. Accessed June 27, 2022. https://nia.gov.kn/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Constitution-of-St-Christopher-and-Nevis.pdf. |
| Saint Lucia | Freedom of Religion | The Saint Lucia Constitution Order 1978 was ratified on 20th December 1978. Articles 1, 9, and 15 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious freedom. Government of Saint Lucia. Government of Saint Lucia. Last modified 2022. Accessed June 27, 2022. https://www.govt.lc/constitution1#protection1. |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Freedom of Religion | The Saint Vincent Constitution Order 1979 was ratified on 26th July 1979. Articles 9 and 13.3 grant religious freedom and prohibit religious discrimination. The preamble declares the Supremacy of God. House of Assembly of Saint Vincent. “Constitution of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.” Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Last modified November 11, 2005. Accessed June 27, 2022. https://www.gov.vc/images/visitors/1979_constitution.pdf. |
| Samoa | Freedom of Religion | The Constitution of the Independent State of Samoa was ratified on May 10, 1961. Articles 11, 12, and 15 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. The preamble declares that Samoa is based on Christian principles. Constitutional Convention of Samoa. “Constitution of the Independent State of Samoa 1960.” Government of Samoa. Government of Samoa, 2017. Last modified 2017. Accessed June 28, 2022. https://www.samoagovt.ws/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Constitution-of-the-Independent-State-of-Samoa-1960.pdf. |
| San Marino | Freedom of Religion | Declaration of Citizens' Rights and of the fundamental principles of the San Marinese legal order was ratified on July 8, 1974. Article 4 and 6 grant religious equality, freedom, and prohibit religious discrimination. Right of Assembly. “San Marino: Constitution - 1974.” Last modified 2022. Accessed June 28, 2022. https://www.rightofassembly.info/assets/downloads/1974_Constitution_of_San_Marino.pdf. |
| Saudi Arabia | Freedom of Religion | King Fahd Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud decreed the basic law of governance on March 1, 1992. Article 1 declares Saudi Arabia an Islamic State and the official religion Islam. There are no official religious freedom guaranteed in Saudia Arabi. King Fahd Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud. “The Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia.” Basic Law of Governance, The Embassy of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Last modified March 1, 1992. Accessed June 28, 2022. https://www.saudiembassy.net/basic-law-governance. |
| Senegal | Freedom of Religion | The Constitution of the Republic of Senegal was ratified on 7 January 2001. Articles 1, 5, 8, 22, and 24 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. Article 1 declares Senegal to be a secular state. Constitution Project. “Senegal 2001 (Rev. 2016) Constitution.” Constitute. POGO, April 27, 2022. Last modified April 27, 2022. Accessed June 28, 2022. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Senegal_2016?lang=en. |
| Serbia | Freedom of Religion | The Constitution of the Republic of Serbia was ratified November 8, 2006. Article 5, 21, 39, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 57, 79, and 81 grant extensive religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. Article 11 declares Serbia a secular state and creates a separation of church and state. The National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia. “CALLING A REPUBLIC REFERENDUM TO ENDORSE THE NEW CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA.” Government of the Republic of Serbia . Last modified 2006. Accessed June 28, 2022. http://www.parlament.gov.rs/upload/documents/Constitution_%20of_Serbia_pdf.pdf. |
| Seychelles | Freedom of Religion | The Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles Act was ratified on June 18, 1993. The Articles 21 and 27 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit discrimination. Government of Seychelles . “Constitution of the Republic Seychelles (Preparation and Promulgation) Act, 1992.” Last modified 1993. https://www.gov.sc/documents/Constitution%20of%20Seychelles%20.pdf. |
| Sierra Leone | Freedom of Religion | The Constitution of Sierra Leone was ratified on October 1, 1991. Articles 6.2, 8.3(b), 13(e), and 24 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. Parliament of Sierra Leone. “The Constitution of Sierra Leone, 1991.” Public Sector Reform Unit. Office of the President, 2016. Last modified 2016. Accessed June 30, 2022. https://psru.gov.sl/sites/default/files/Constitution%20of%20Sierra%20Leone%201991.pdf. |
| Singapore | Freedom of Religion | The Constitution of Singapore was ratified on 22 December 1965. Articles 12, 15, 16, and 150.5(iii) grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. Article 153 grants a provision for a council to regulate Muslim affairs. Parliament of Singapore . “CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE.” Singapore Statutes Online. Last modified December 1, 2021. Accessed June 30, 2022. https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CONS1963. The first assertion of the freedom of religion in the Republic of Singapore is in the first constitution of the Republic in 1959 after becoming independent from the United Kingdom. The right is detailed in article 15; which also details that a person may not be compelled to pay taxes for religious purposes outside his own religion as well as generally describing the freedoms of each religious group. It is important to note Singapore also records the same article in the 1963/1965 Constitution after being expelled from Malaysia. Republic of Singapore. 1959. “Singapore’s Constitution of 1959 with Amendments through 2010.” Constitute Project. 1959. https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/sin132840.pdf. ———. 1965. “Constitution of the Republic of Singapore - Singapore Statutes Online.” Sso.agc.gov.sg. 1965. https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CONS1963?ValidDate=20230424. The Republic of Singapore. 1963. “Singapore 1963 (Rev. 2016) Constitution - Constitute.” Www.constituteproject.org. 1963. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Singapore_2016. |
| Slovakia | Freedom of Religion | Constitution Of The Slovak Republic The articles 12.2, 24, and 25.2 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. Article 1 states that Slovakia is not bound by any religion. National Council of the Slovak Republic. “Constitution of the Slovak Republic.” President of the Slovak Republic. Last modified 2017. Accessed June 30, 2022. https://www.prezident.sk/upload-files/46422.pdf.
The first assertion of the freedom of religion of the Slovak Republic is in the 1992 Constitution after the split of Czechoslovakia. The article 24 highlights the guarantees to the freedom of religion and indicates that the freedom may only be limited under lawful conditions of impeding on others religion. Assertions of the freedom of religion have existed in the domain of Slovakia including the 1920 Czechoslovakian constitution, the earliest instance would be the 1782 Edict of Tolerance as part of the Kingdom of Austria which included limited religious freedoms for certain religions and sects of Christianity. “Slovakia 1992 (Rev. 2017) Constitution - Constitute.” n.d. Www.constituteproject.org. Accessed August 4, 2023. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Slovakia_2017. |
| Slovenia | Freedom of Religion | The Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia was ratified on December 23, 1991. Articles 14, 16, 41, 63, and 123 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious. Article 7 separates church and state. National Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia. “THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA.” Republic of Slovenia. Last modified 2016. Accessed June 30, 2022. https://www.varuh-rs.si/en/about-us/legal-framework/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-slovenia/. |
| Solomon Islands | Freedom of Religion | The Solomon Islands Independence Order 1978 was ratified on 8th June 1978. Articles 3, 11, and 15.4 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. Parliament of the Solomon Islands . “The Solomon Islands Independence Order 1978.” Last modified 1978. Accessed July 3, 2022. https://www.parliament.gov.sb/files/business&procedure/constitution.htm. |
| Somalia | Freedom of Religion | The Provisional Federal Constitution of Somalia was ratified on August 1, 2012. Article 11 declares religious equality and prohibits religious discrimination, while article 17 declares religious freedom. Article 2 declares Islam the state religion and that no other religion can be propagated in the country. Constitution Project. “Somalia 2012 Constitution.” Constitute. POGO, April 27, 2022. Last modified April 27, 2022. Accessed July 5, 2022. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Somalia_2012?lang=en. |
| South Africa | Freedom of Religion | The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa was ratified on December 18, 1996. Articles 9, 15, and 31 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. Government of South Africa . “The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa.” South African Government. Last modified 2003. Accessed July 5, 2022. https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996-1#:~:text=The%20Constitution%20of%20the%20Republic%20of%20South%20Africa%2C%201996%2C%20was,the%20provisions%20of%20the%20Constitution. |
| South Korea | Freedom of Religion | The Constitution of the Republic of South Korea was ratified on July 12, 1948. Articles 11 and 20.1 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. Article 20.2 declares a separation between church and state. The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea. “Constitution of South Korea .” Last modified 1987. Accessed July 5, 2022. https://korea.assembly.go.kr:447/res/low_01_read.jsp?boardid=1000000035. |
| South Sudan | Freedom of Religion | The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan was ratified on July 9, 2011. Articles 8.2, 14, 23, 29.1, 31.1(e), 122.5(a), 139(d), 169.6, and 190(a) grant religious freedom, equality, and extensively prohibit religious discrimination. Article 8.1 declares a separation between church and state. Constitution Project. “South Sudan 2011 (Rev. 2013) Constitution.” Constitute. POGO, April 27, 2022. Last modified April 27, 2022. Accessed July 5, 2022. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/South_Sudan_2013?lang=en. |
| Spain | Freedom of Religion | Freedom of religion is established within the Constitution and established a secular state. The Catholic Church, however, has established itself as a central player within Spanish politics, with its prominent role in the People's Party. It also has special privileges within Spanish society (U.S. Department of State, "SPAIN 2018 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT"). |
| Sri Lanka | Freedom of Religion | The Constitution provides freedom of thought and religion. It recognizes four religions (Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam). It also designates Buddhism as the state religion, thus giving it priority (U.S. Department of State, " 2018 Report on International Religious Freedom: Sri Lanka"). |
| Sudan | Freedom of Religion | Articles 4, 41, 43, 48, 56, 62.1, and 66 grant religious freedoms, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. There is no mention of Islam and Sharia Law, which was a corner stone in their previous constitution. Constitution Project. “Sudan 2019 Constitution.” Constitute. POGO, April 27, 2022. Last modified April 27, 2022. Accessed July 5, 2022. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Sudan_2019?lang=en. |
| Suriname | Freedom of Religion | The Constitution of the Republic of Suriname was ratified on 30 September 1987. Articles 8.2, 18, and 28 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. Constitution Project . “Suriname 1987 (Rev. 1992) Constitution.” Constitute. POGO, April 27, 2022. Last modified April 27, 2022. Accessed July 5, 2022. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Surinam_1992?lang=en. |
| Sweden | Freedom of Religion | The Constitution of Sweden was ratified in 1974, and came into force on January 1, 1975. Chapter 1 Article 2, Chapter 2 Article 1.6, 2, 21, 23, and Chapter 7 Article 4.11 grant religious freedoms, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. Riksdag. “The Constitution of Sweden.” Last modified 2016. Accessed July 5, 2022. https://www.riksdagen.se/globalassets/07.-dokument--lagar/the-constitution-of-sweden-160628.pdf. |
| Switzerland | Freedom of Religion | The Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation was ratified on 12 September 1848. Articles 8.2 and 15 grants religious freedom and prohibit religious discrimination. Article 72 leaves the regulation of religion to preserve public peace to the cantons. The Federal Constitution. “Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation.” Last modified February 13, 2022. Accessed July 5, 2022. https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/1999/404/en. |
| Syria | Freedom of Religion | The Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic was ratified on February 26, 2012. Articles 3 and 33.3 grant religious freedom and prohibit religious discrimination. Article 3 also declares the president must me Islamic and Islam Jurisprudence or Sharia is the main source of legislation. Constitution Project. “Syrian Arab Republic 2012 Constitution.” Constitute. POGO, April 27, 2022. Last modified April 27, 2022. Accessed July 5, 2022. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Syria_2012?lang=en. |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | Freedom of Religion | The constitution of The Constitution of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe was ratified on November 5, 1975. Articles 15.1, and 27 guarantee religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. Article 8 creates a separation of church and state; and Article 154(b) declares the state to be secular. Constitution Project. “Sao Tome and Principe 1975 (Rev. 2003) Constitution.” Constitute. POGO, April 27, 2022. Last modified April 27, 2022. Accessed June 28, 2022. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Sao_Tome_and_Principe_2003?lang=en. |
| Tajikistan | Freedom of Religion | The first assertion of the freedom of religion in Tajikistan is the 1994 Constitution post-independence from the Soviet Union. The right is found in article 26 which allows the individual, or group to adhere to any religion or none. An amendment to current law (enforced in January 2018) permits restrictions on religious activity for the sole purpose of ensuring the rights and freedoms of others, as well as banning one religious sect from being state ideology (U.S. Department of State, "2018 Report on International Religious Freedom: Tajikistan"). |
| Tanzania | Freedom of Religion | The first assertion of the freedom of religion in Tanzania is the 1977 constitution after the unification of the states of Tanganyika and Zanzibar after their independence from the United Kingdom. Article 9, 13, 19, and 39.2 grants religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. The preamble and article 3 declare Tanzania to be secular. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Tanzania_2005 THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA Office of The Attorney General. “The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania of 1977.” Last modified 2005. Accessed July 5, 2022. https://oagmis.agctz.go.tz/portal/constitutions/eyJpdiI6IkFmY0NLQ1wvQWJsUmliZWUxbWh1MVpnPT0iLCJ2YWx1ZSI6IlIwdWx4VnQ3a3plWnFqb0pjcnlvQlE9PSIsIm1hYyI6ImEwNTQxYzdhNTIxMThlYWJlNzU3Mzc5NzZkMmRiYWJkODc4Nzc1ZjVjYjY0NTQ5OTQxYzg3NmYwMDZlN2Y5ZjkifQ== |
| Thailand | Freedom of Religion | The first assertion of the freedom of religion in Thailand is the 1932 constitution which asserts the freedom of religion in Section 13. Section 13 highlights the freedom of worship and belief but limits the freedom ‘if contrary to the duties of a national or to public order or public morals’. https://media.bloomsburyprofessional.com/rep/files/thailand-constitution-1932-december.pdf |
| The Bahamas | Freedom of Religion | The Constitution of The Commonwealth of The Bahamas was ratified on July 10th 1973. Article 22 protects freedom of religion. The preamble does specifically mention Christian values and the supremacy of God. Constitution Project. “Bahamas (the) 1973 Constitution.” Constitute, POGO, 27 Apr. 2022, https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahamas_1973?lang=en.
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| The Gambia | Freedom of Religion | The Gambia Independence Order of 1965, written on January 29th, 1965, and presented to the British Parliament in the same year, protects and guarantees the right to freedom of religion in Gambia. Article 19 deals with freedom of conscience and its six sections address freedom of religion, granting it to all citizens (“The Gambia Independence Order” 1965). Under the 2020 Constitution of the Gambia Articles 1.3, 4.d, 12, 32, 49, 67, 69, 274.1(d), and 296.2(d) offer extensive religious protections and prohibit religious discrimination, and Articles 88.5(b) and 153.2(b) declare that the president and national assembly may not establish a national religion. “The Gambia Independence Order” 1965. Citizenshiprightsafrica.org http://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Gambia-Constitution-1965.pdf Constitution Project “Gambia (the) 2020 Constitution.” Constitute. POGO, April 27, 2022. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Gambia_2020D?lang=en#:~:text=Gambia%20(The)%202020%20Constitution%20%2D%20Constitute. |
| Togo | Freedom of Religion | The first assertion of the freedom of religion in Togo would be the Constitution de la République Togolaise, 5 mai 1963 (5th of May, 1963). https://www.loc.gov/resource/amedscd.2008700247/?sp=7&r=-1.395,-0.017,3.789,1.703,0 |
| Tonga | Freedom of Religion | The first assertion of religious freedom is seen under Part I, Article 5, in the 1875 Constitution of Tonga. This article protects the freedom of worship. Under Article 6, is also the protection to keep the Sabbath Day holy. Constitute Project. 1875 Constitution of Tonga. (rev. 2013) https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Tonga_2013 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Freedom of Religion | The first assertion of Religious Freedom is in the 1976 Constitution of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago in Chapter 1, Part 1, Article 4, Point H. This article asserts multiple human rights and guarantees equality regardless of religion, as well as the protection of freedom of conscience and religious belief and observance. The Verification Research, Training and Information Centre. Laws of Trinidad and Tobago. Constitution of 1976. https://www.vertic.org/media/National%20Legislation/Trinidad_and_Tobago/TT_Constitution.pdf |
| Tunisia | Freedom of Religion | Under Chapter I, Article 5, Freedom of religion is asserted in the Constitution of the Republic of Tunisia. Article 5 specifically guarantees fundamental freedoms and human rights, covering Freedom of religion and conscience in the last point made, “provided it does not not disturb public order. Constitute Project. 1959 Constitution of the Republic of Tunisia. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Tunisia_2008 |
| Turkey | Freedom of Religion | In the 1961 Constitution of The Turkish Republic, Freedom of religion is asserted as Freedom of thought and faith, under Section II, Part IV, Article 19. This Article protects citizens from being compelled to worship, and also guarantees them the choice of faith and practices of worship. It also mentions “no person shall be reproached for his religion or faith; and no person shall be allowed to exploit and abuse religion for the purpose of political or personal benefit.” 1961 Constitution of the Turkish Republic. https://www.anayasa.gen.tr/1961constitution-text.pdf |
| Turkmenistan | Freedom of Religion | In the 2008 Constitution of the Turkish Republic, Freedom of Religion is covered under Section I, Article 12. This constitution established the state as secular, and guaranteed equality regardless of religion, separation of church and state, and the right to declare any religion or none under Article 12. Constitute Project. Constitution of Turkmenistan 2008. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Turkmenistan_2008 |
| Tuvalu | Freedom of Religion | The assertion of religious freedom is covered within the first constitution of Tuvalu, Under Part II, Division 3, Article 23, upon gaining independence from the United Kingdom in 1978. This article guarantees freedom of belief, including religion, and articulates the responsibilities and rights of religious groups and education, protection from conformity, as well as circumstantial provisions of this freedom. International Labour Organization. Constitution of Tuvalu 1978. 2008 rev. https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/3899/95791/F656430737/TUV3899.pdf |
| Uganda | Freedom of Religion | In the 1962 Constitution of Uganda, Freedom of Religion is asserted in Chapter III, Article 25. Freedom of thought, conscience, and religion are all covered under this Article, and also the freedom to change belief and religion. This the first constitution of Uganda following their independence in 1962. World Statesman. Uganda Constitutional Instruments and Independence Order. 1962. https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Uganda-const-1962.pdf |
| Ukraine | Freedom of Religion | Under Title II, Article 35, Freedom of religion is first asserted in the 1996 Constitution of Ukraine. This Article addresses guaranteed protection of choice and practice of worship, separation of church and state, and asserts alternatives in the case of conscientious objection to military service. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Constitution of Ukraine. 1996. https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/ukr127467E.pdf |
| United Arab Emirates | Freedom of Religion | In the 1971 Constitution of the United Arab Emirates, under Part Three, Article 32, freedom to exercise religious worship is guaranteed as long as it is in accordance with established customs and does not conflict with public policy or morals. Equality regardless of religion is asserted under Article 25, however, islam is declared the official religion under Article 7. Ref World. Constitution of the United Arab Emirates 1971. https://www.refworld.org/docid/48eca8132.html |
| United Kingdom | Freedom of Religion | The Toleration Act of 1689 allowed nonconformist religions, with the exception of Roman Catholicism, to practice. However, social penalties still persisted (U.K. Parliament, "Catholics and nonconformists"). The Human Rights Act of 1998 established the fundamental rights of citizens within the UK, including freedom of religion (Equality and Human Rights Commission, "The Human Rights Act," Article 9). |
| United States | Freedom of Religion | Article 1 of the Bill of Rights in the Constitution establishes freedom of religion and its expression. Article 1 also prevent congress from declaring an official religion. United States Senate . “Constitution of the United States of America.” Last modified 2021. Accessed July 6, 2022. https://www.senate.gov/civics/resources/pdf/US_Constitution-Senate_Publication_103-21.pdf. |
| Uruguay | Freedom of Religion | The Constitution of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay was ratified in 1830. Article 5 grants freedom of religion. Article 5 declares the state supports no religion. Constitution Project. “Uruguay 1966 (Reinst. 1985, Rev. 2004) Constitution.” Constitute. POGO, April 27, 2022. Last modified April 27, 2022. Accessed July 5, 2022. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Uruguay_2004?lang=en. |
| Uzbekistan | Freedom of Religion | The first assertion of religious freedom within Uzbekistan was in the 1992 Constitution, under Part Two, Chapter 7, Article 31. This article protects the right to profess or not profess any religion, and declares any compulsory imposition of religion impermissible. United Nations. The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Uzbekistan to the United Nations. Constitution of the United Nations. 1992. https://www.un.int/uzbekistan/uzbekistan/constitution-republic-uzbekistan |
| Vanuatu | Freedom of Religion | Freedom of Religion is asserted in the 1980 Constitution of Vanuatu under Chapter 2, Part I, Article 5, Subject 1.F. This article covers multiple fundamental rights and freedoms, and guarantees equality regardless of religion. Subject 1.F specifies freedom of conscience and worship. Constitute Project. 1980 Constitution of Vanuatu. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Vanuatu_2013 |
| Venezuela | Freedom of Religion | The Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela was ratified on December 19, 1999. Articles 21.1, 59, and 89.5 grant religious freedom and prohibit religious discrimination. Article 119 protect the religious rights of indigenous people. Constitution Project. “Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 1999 (Rev. 2009) Constitution.” Constitute. POGO, April 27, 2022. Last modified April 27, 2022. Accessed July 5, 2022. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Venezuela_2009?lang=en. |
| Vietnam | Freedom of Religion | Freedom of religion is covered in the 1946 Constitution of Vietnam. Equality regardless of religion is guaranteed in the preamble, and in Chapter I, Article 1. Chapter 2, Article 10 grants (iv) the freedom of belief to all Vietnamese citizens. Bloomsbury Professional Media. Vietnam Constitution 1946. https://media.bloomsburyprofessional.com/rep/files/vietnam-constitution-1946x.pdf |
| Yemen | Freedom of Religion | In the 1991 Constitution of Yemen, Islam is declared the state religion. Freedom of religion is not mentioned explicitly, however article 27 asserts that all citizens are equal and shall not be discriminated against regardless of religion. Human Rights Library. Constitution of Yemen 1991. http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/research/yemen-constitution.html |
| Zambia | Freedom of Religion | Freedom of Religion is asserted in the 1964 Constitution of Zambia under Chapter III, Section 13, Article 21. This article asserts freedom to choose a religion, worship in a group or private setting, and manifest or propagate his religion and its practices. It also prevents forced religious instruction in schools and prohibits prevention of practice. The current Constitution of Zambia was ratified on January 5, 2016. The preamble asserts the protection of freedom of religion, while also declaring Zambia a Christian Republic. Articles 8(d), 118.2(a), and 173.3(a) prohibit discrimination and article 266 defines discrimination to include religious discrimination. World Statesman. Constitution of Zambia 1964. https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Constitution-Zambia1964.pdf Parliament of Zambia . “Government of Zambia Act -.” Last modified January 5, 2016. Accessed July 6, 2022. https://www.parliament.gov.zm/sites/default/files/documents/amendment_act/Constitution%20of%20Zambia%20%20(Amendment),%202016-Act%20No.%202_0.pdf. |
| Zimbabwe | Freedom of Religion | In the 1964 Constitution of Rhodesia, freedom of religion is asserted in Part 2, Chapter VII, Article 72. When Zimbabwe became an independent state in 1980, The Constitution asserted religious freedom Under Chapter III, Article 19. The current Constitution of Zimbabwe was ratified on 16 March 2013. Articles 5(ciii), 56.3, and 60 grant religious freedoms, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. World Statesman. Constitution of Rhodesia. 1965. https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Rhodesia_1965.pdf Refworld. Constitution of Zimbabwe. 1980. https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b5720.html Parliament of Zimbabwe . “Constitution of Zimbabwe.” Last modified August 9, 2021. Accessed July 6, 2022. https://parlzim.gov.zw/download/constitution-of-zimbabwe-amendment-no-20-14-05-2013/. |
| Afghanistan | Freedom of the Press | Article 31 of the 1964 Afghanistan Constitution states that “every Afghan shall have the right to express thoughts through speech, writing, illustrations as well as other means in accordance with provisions of this constitution” (University of Nebraska, “Constitution of Afghanistan,” 1964) . Every Afghan shall have the right, according to provisions of law, to print and publish on subjects without prior submission to state authorities. Directives related to the press, radio and television as well as publications and other mass media shall be regulated by law.” This clause is now located in Article 34 of the 2004 Afghanistan Constitution (Constitute Project, “Afghanistan’s Constitution of 2004” ). References: 1964 Afghanistan Constitution: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=afghanenglish 2004 Afghanistan Constitution: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Afghanistan_2004?%20lang=en |
| Albania | Freedom of the Press | According to Article 197 of the 1928 Fundamental Statute of the Kingdom of Albania: "Freedom of speech and of the press is guaranteed, and a censorship may not be instituted, except in case of war mobilisation or other extraordinary event defined by the law. The regulation of the press, the confiscation of press matter and the prosecution of the press are determined by law." Article 53 of the 1976 Albanian Constitution states that “citizens enjoy the freedom of speech, the press, organization, association, assembly and public manifestation. The state guarantees the realization of these freedoms, it creates the conditions for them, and makes available the necessary material means” (“The Albanian Constitution of 1976) . Today, Part 2, Article 22 of the 1998 Albanian Constitution recognizes freedom of the press, radio, and television as part of its list of “Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms”. Article 22 also states that “Prior censorship of means of communication is prohibited” (Constitute Project, Albania's Constitution of 1998 with Amendments through 2012” ). References: 1928 Fundamental Statute of the Kingdom of Albania: https://www.hoelseth.com/royalty/albania/albconst19281201.html Albania Constitution (1976): https://data.globalcit.eu/NationalDB/docs/ALB%20The%20Constitution%20of%20the%20Peoples%20Socialist%20Republic%20of%20Albania%201976.pdf Albania Constitution (1998): https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Albania_2016?lang=en. |
| Algeria | Freedom of the Press | Article 19 of the 1963 Algerian Constitution states that “the Republic guarantees freedom of the press and of other means of information, freedom of association, freedom of speech and public intervention, and freedom of assembly” (Middle East Journal, 1963) . Today, Article 54 of the Algerian Constitution protects freedom of the press, stating that “freedom of the press, be it written, audiovisual, or on media networks, shall be guaranteed equally for all public and private media outlets. It shall not be restricted by any form of prior censorship” (Constitute Project, “Algeria 2020” ). References: “The Algerian Constitution.” The Middle East journal 17, no. 4 (1963): 446–450. “Algeria 2020 Constitution.” Constitute. Accessed September 14, 2022. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Algeria_2020?lang=en. |
| Andorra | Freedom of the Press | Article 12 of the 1993 Andorran Constitution states that Freedoms of expression, of communication and of information are guaranteed. The law shall regulate the right of reply, the right of correction and professional secrecy” (Constitute Project, “Andorra’s 1993 Constitution”). https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Andorra_1993?lang=en. |
| Angola | Freedom of the Press | Article 35 of the 1992 Constitution marked Angola’s first explicit legal mention of freedom of the press: “Freedom of the press shall be guaranteed and may not be subject to any censorship, especially political, ideological or artistic. The manner of the exercise of freedom of the press and adequate provisions to prevent and punish any abuse thereof shall be regulated by law” (“Constitutional Law of the Republic of Angola 1992” ). Today, Article 44 of the 2010 Angolan Constitution maintains that “freedom of the press shall be guaranteed, and may not be subject to prior censorship, namely of a political, ideological or artistic nature” (Constitute Project, “Angola’s 2010 Constitution”). References: 1992 Angola Constitution: https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/Angola%20Constitution.pdf 2010 Angola Constitution: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Angola_2010 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | Freedom of the Press | Schedule 1, Chapter II of Antigua and Barbuda’s Constitution titled “Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of the Individual” explicitly protects freedom of the press (Political Database of the Americas, “The Antigua and Barbuda Constitutional Order 1981” ). References: “Republic of Antigua and Barbuda / República Del Antigua y Barbuda Constitution of 1981 Constituciones De 1981.” Antigua and Barbuda: Constitution, 1981: https://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Antigua/antigua-barbuda.html. |
| Argentina | Freedom of the Press | According to Article 161 of the 1826 Argentina Constitution, "The liberty of publishing his ideas through the medium of the Press, which is a right as valuable to Man, as it is essential to the preservation of civil liberty, shall be fully guaranteed by the Laws" Article 32 of the 1853 Argentinian Constitution states that “the Federal Congress shall not enact laws that restrict the freedom of the press or that establish federal jurisdiction over it” (Constitute Project, “Argentina's Constitution of 1853, Reinstated in 1983, with Amendments through 1994” ). References: Constitution of the Argentine Republic, 1826, English translation of the original Constitution of 1826. 956 (2010) Section VIII: General Regulations: https://heinonline-org.proxygw.wrlc.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.cow/zzar0004&id=15&collection=cow&index= “Argentina 1853 (Reinst. 1983, Rev. 1994) Constitution.” Constitute: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Argentina_1994?lang=en |
| Armenia | Freedom of the Press | The 1990 Declaration of Independence of Armenia guaranteed freedom of the press. Article 24 of the 1995 Constitution of Armenia asserted freedoms relevant to freedom of the press: "Everyone is entitled to assert his or her opinion. No one shall be forced to retract or change his or her opinion. Everyone is entitled to freedom of speech, including the freedom to seek, receive and disseminate information and ideas through any medium of information, regardless of state borders." After amendment in 2005, additional language relevant to freedom of the press was added to the Constitution of Armenia: "Freedom of mass media and other means of mass information shall be guaranteed. The state shall guarantee the existence and activities of an independent and public radio and television service offering a variety of informational, cultural and entertaining programs." Article 42 of the Constitution of Armenia after amendment in 2015 state the right explicitly: "The freedom of the press, radio, television and other means of information shall be guaranteed. The State shall guarantee the activities of independent public television and radio offering diversity of informational, educational, cultural and entertainment programmes." References: Armenian Declaration of Independence: https://www.gov.am/en/independence/ "Constitution of the Republic of Armenia" (1995): http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=2425&lang=eng "Constitution of the Republic of Armenia (with the Amendments of 27 November 2005)": http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=1&lang=eng "Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Armenia" (2015): http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=5805&lang=eng |
| Australia | Freedom of the Press | Australia has no formal protection of press freedom in its constitution (Australian Human Rights Commission). Australia’s High Court has ruled that an “implied freedom of political communication exists as an indispensable part of the system of representative government created by the Constitution” in Nationwide News Pty Ltd v Wills (1992), Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v the Commonwealth (1992), and Unions NSW v New South Wales (2013). References: “Freedom of Information, Opinion and Expression.” The Australian Human Rights Commission: https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/rights-and-freedoms/freedom-information-opinion-and-expression |
| Austria | Freedom of the Press | Article 13 of Austria’s 1867 “Basic Law on the General Rights of Nationals in the Kingdoms and Länder represented in the Council of the Realm” states that “Everyone has the right within the limits of the law freely to express his opinion by word of mouth and in writing, print, or pictorial representation. The Press may be neither subjected to censorship nor restricted by the licensing System. Administrative postal distribution vetoes do not apply to inland publication” (Basic Law of 21 December 1867) . References: 1867 Basic Law: https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/au03000_.html |
| Azerbaijan | Freedom of the Press | Article 50 of the Azerbaijan Constitution of 1995 states “The freedom of mass media is guaranteed. State censorship of mass media, including print media, is forbidden” (Constitute Project, “Azerbaijan's Constitution of 1995 with Amendments through 2016” ). References: “Azerbaijan 1995 (rev. 2016).” Constitute. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Azerbaijan_2016 Blaustein, Albert P., and Gisbert H. Flanz. Constitutions of the Countries of the World; a Series of Updated Texts, Constitutional Chronologies and Annotated Bibliographies. "Azerbaijan Republic, Booklet 2, 1996" Permanent ed. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y: Oceana Publications, 1971. |
| Bahrain | Freedom of the Press | Article 24 of the 1973 Bahrain Constitution states that “Freedom of the press, printing and publication shall be guaranteed in accordance with the conditions and procedure specified by the law.” References: “Bahrain Old Constitution (1973).” International Constitutional Law Project: https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ba01000_.html |
| Bangladesh | Freedom of the Press | Article 39 of the 1972 Bangladesh Constitution states that “(1) Freedom or thought and conscience is guaranteed. (2) Subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interests of the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign states, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence-(a) the right of every citizen of freedom of speech and expression; and freedom of the press, are guaranteed." References: http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/research/bangladesh-constitution.pdf |
| Barbados | Freedom of the Press | Barbados’s 1966 Constitution does not explicitly protect freedom of the press, but includes freedom to “receive” and “communicate ideas and information without interference” in its protection of freedom of expression (Political Database of the Americas, “Constitution of 1966” ). References: https://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Barbados/barbados66.html |
| Belarus | Freedom of the Press | Article 33 of Belarus’s 1994 Constitution bans censorship and mass media monopolies, whether state mass media monopolies or otherwise References: 1994 Constitution of the Republic of Belarus: https://heinonline-org.proxygw.wrlc.org/HOL/Page?collection=cow&handle=hein.cow/zzby0006&id=4&men_tab=srchresults 1994 Constitution of the Republic of Belarus as amended in 1996: https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL(2003)065-e |
| Belgium | Freedom of the Press | Article 23 of the 27 October 1830 Draft Constitution of Belgium states that “The press is free. Censorship [la censure] should never be established, and cautioning of writers, editors or printers may not be demanded.” Article 18 of the 1831 Belgium Constitution guaranteed freedom of the press using similar language. References: English translation of the French text of the draft of the constitution of 27 October 1830 35 (2009): https://heinonline-org.proxygw.wrlc.org/HOL/Page?collection=cow&handle=hein.cow/zzbe0096&id=5&men_tab=srchresults 1831 Constitution of Belgium: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Belgium_1831 |
| Belize | Freedom of the Press | While press freedom was not explicitly protected in the 1981 Constitution of Belize, it is reasonable to infer that the broadly drawn protections of freedom of expression encompass freedom of the press as well. The guarantee refers to the protection of communication generally, "whether the communication be to the public generally or to any person or class of persons." The exceptions that it offers are also suggestive of application to the press, in its reference to the potential for the coexistence of freedom of expression with law "that is reasonably required for the purpose of protecting the reputations, rights and freedoms of other persons or the private lives of persons concerned in legal proceedings, preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, maintaining the authority and independence of the courts, regulating educational institutions in the interests of persons receiving instruction therein, or regulating the technical administration or the technical operation of telephony, telegraphy, posts, wireless broadcasting, television or other means of communication...." References: 1981 Constitution of Belize: https://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Belize/belize81.html |
| Benin | Freedom of the Press | Article 7 of the 1964 Constitution of the Republic of Dahomey guaranteed freedom of the press. Benin protects freedom of the press under Article 24 of its 1990 Constitution: “Freedom of the press shall be recognised and guaranteed by the state. It shall be protected by the High Authority of Audio-Visuals and Communications under the conditions fixed by an organic law.” References: 1964 Constitution of the Republic of Dahomey: English translation of the French original text fo the Constitution of 1964 152 (2011) Title II: The Rights and Duties of the Citizen: https://heinonline-org.proxygw.wrlc.org/HOL/Page?collection=cow&handle=hein.cow/zzbj0002&id=2&men_tab=srchresults 1990 Constitution of the Republic of Benin: https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/Benin%20Constitution%20-%20English%20Summary.pdf |
| Bhutan | Freedom of the Press | Article 7, Section 5 of Bhutan’s 2008 Constitution protects freedom of the press: “There shall be freedom of the press, radio and television and other forms of dissemination of information, including electronic” (Constitute Project, “Bhutan's Constitution of 2008” ). References: Bhutan 2008 Constitution: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bhutan_2008 |
| Bolivia | Freedom of the Press | Article 145 of the 1826 Draft Constitution for the Republic of Bolivia states: "Every Person may communicate his thoughts, verbally or in writing, or publish them through the medium of the Press, 'without previous censorship; but under the responsibility which the Law may determine." Furthermore, Article 59 of the 1826 Draft Constitution described as among the duties of the Chamber of Censors, "To protect the Liberty of the Press, and to appoint the Judges who are to decide in the last instance, upon the Judgments respecting it." Protection of press freedom is detailed in Article 106, Section III of the 2009 Bolivian Constitution: “The State guarantees freedom of expression and the right to communication and information to workers of the press” (Constitute Project, “Bolivia (Plurinational State of)'s Constitution of 2009” ). References: 1826 Draft Constitution for the Republic of Bolivia: English text of the draft Constitution of 1826. 892 (2010) Title XI: Of Guarantees https://heinonline-org.proxygw.wrlc.org/HOL/Page?collection=cow&handle=hein.cow/zzbo0002&id=18&men_tab=srchresults “Bolivia (Plurinational Republic of) 2009.” Constitute. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bolivia_2009 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Freedom of the Press | Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Constitution does not formally protect freedom of the press. However, Article 4 of the 2002 Law on Communications recognizes freedom of expression across broadcasting and telecommunications (Office of the High Representative, “Law on Communications of Bosnia and Herzegovina”). |