Semantic search

El Salvador 🖉 edit

Chapter 16, Section 77 of the 1841 Constitution of the State of Salvador reads: "Every Salvadorean has a right to be protected from inquisitions, compulsory search, and restraints, as regards his person, house, papers, family, and all his possessions."

Article 2 of the 1983 constitution explicitly protects the “right to honor, personal and family intimacy, and one’s own image.” Article 6 allows for free communication as long as it does not violate the private lives of others. Article 24 protects correspondence (Constitute Project, “El Salvador 1983 rev. 2014” ).

English translation of the Constitution of 1841. 218 (2010) "Chapter XVI: Declaration of the Rights, Duties, and Securities of the Nation, and of Salvadoreans in Particular," Political Constitution of the State of Salvador (1841): 218-222 https://constituteproject.org/constitution/El_Salvador_ 2014? lang=en

Equatorial Guinea 🖉 edit

Today, Article 13 of the 1991 constitution protects rights and freedoms. In section 1(g), the right to privacy in communications and the home is protected (Constitute Project, “Equatorial Guinea 1991 rev. 2012” ). Translations of the 1968, 1973, and 1982 constitutions could not be found.

https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Equatorial_Guinea_ 2012? lang=en

Eritrea 🖉 edit

In its history, Eritrea has only had one constitution and it protects the right to privacy in Article 18. Specific privacies are not mentioned but it is an overarching declaration of the protection of the right: “Every person shall have the right to privacy” (Constitute Project, “Eritrea 1997” ).

https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Eritrea_ 1997? lang=en

Estonia 🖉 edit

The 1920 constitution of Estonia protected personal privacy in Paragraph 8. Paragraph 10 protected the homestead and Paragraph 14 protected communications (Wikisource, “Constitution of the Esthonian Republic ( 1920) ”). Today, privacy rights are guaranteed in Section 26 (Riigi Teataja, “The Constitution of the Republic of Estonia”).

https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/521052015001/consolide https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Esthonian_Republic_( 1920)

Eswatini 🖉 edit

Article 14(1) names and protects fundamental rights, and subsection C reads “protection of the privacy of the home and other property rights of the individual” (Constitute Project, “Eswatini 2005” ). Previous iterations of the constitutions from 1967 and 1968 could not be found.

https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Swaziland_ 2005? lang=en

Ethiopia 🖉 edit

The 1931 constitution protects correspondence privacy in Article 26 (Ethiopian Legal Brief, “Ethiopian Constitution of 1931” ). In Article 25, the home is claimed as private. Today, privacy rights are protected in Article 26 (Constitute Project, “Ethiopia 1994” ).

https://chilot.files.wordpress.com/ 2011/ 04/ethiopian-constitution-of- 1931. pdf https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Ethiopia_ 1994? lang=en

Federated States of Micronesia 🖉 edit

Article IV Section 5 of the constitution of 1978 says “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and other possessions against unreasonable search, seizure, or invasion of privacy may not be violated. A warrant may not issue except on probable cause, supported by affidavit particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized” (Constitute Project, “Micronesia (Federated States of) 1978 rev. 1990” ).

https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Micronesia_ 1990? lang=en

Fiji 🖉 edit

The 1970 Fiji constitution, its first after independence from Britain, protected the right to privacy in the home in Article 3(c) (Constitution Net, “Fiji Independence Order 1970 and Constitution of Fiji”). Today, the 2013 constitution expands the right to privacy from the home to include the right to private and family life, privacy in correspondence, and data privacy in Article 24 ("Constitution of Fiji, 2013” ).

References:

1970 Constitution of Fiji: https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/1970_constitution.pdf

2013 Constitution of Fiji: https://www.laws.gov.fj/Home/information/constitutionoftherepublicoffiji#:~:text=The%20Constitution%20of%20the%20Republic,the%20procedures%20in%20the%20Constitution.

Finland 🖉 edit

Originally, the 1919 Finnish Constitution protected privacy in Section 8 (RefWorld, “Constitution Act of Finland”). Today, Section 10 of the Finnish Constitution protects the right to privacy with similar language. It says, “Everyone's private life, honour and the sanctity of the home are guaranteed. More detailed provisions on the protection of personal data are laid down by an Act. The secrecy of correspondence, telephony and other confidential communications is inviolable” (Constitute Project, “Finland 1999 rev. 2011” ).

https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Finland_ 2011? lang=en https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b53418.html

France 🖉 edit

The right to privacy in France is implied in Article IV of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen of 26 August 1789. Article IV reads, “Liberty consists of being able to do everything that does not harm anybody else: thus the exercise of the natural rights of every man has no boundaries except those that ensure to other Members of the Society the enjoyment of those same rights” (Hardt, Kiiver, Kristofertisch). The Declaration of the Rights of Man is still in force today due to the Preamble of the 1958 French Constitution.

Sascha Hardt, Phillip Kiiver & Gisela Kristofertisch. ( 2019) . Comparative Constitutional Law Documents. “Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen [Declaration des Driots de L’Homme et du Citoyen] of 26 August 1789” and “Constitution of the V. Republic of 4 October 1958. ”

Gabon 🖉 edit

Article 1 of the constitution lays out fundamental rights granted within the state (Constitute Project, “Gabon 1991 rev. 2011” ). Section 5 of Article 1 protects the privacy of correspondence. Section 12 claims the inviolability of the domicile. The current constitution is based on the 1961 constitution, though it was rewritten in 1991.

https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Gabon_ 2011? lang=en

Georgia 🖉 edit

Today, Article 15 in the 1995 constitution of Georgia protects the right to personal privacy, personal space, and privacy of communication. Additionally, Article 9 claims the inviolability of human dignity (Constitute Project, “Georgia 1995 rev. 2018” ).

https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Georgia_ 2018? lang=en

Germany 🖉 edit

Article 3, Sections 10-12 of the "Law Concerning the Basic Rights of the German People," from 27 December 1848, asserted some elements of privacy rights. Section 10 defended the inviolability of the home, Section 11 protected papers within the home, and Section 12 defended the secrecy of correspondence outside the context of criminal investigation or war.

Article 117 of the 11 August 1919 Constitution of the German Reich (The Weimar Constitution) guarantees privacy rights: "The secrecy of letters and all postal, telegraphic and telephone communications is inviolable. Exceptions are inadmissable except by Reich law."

Germany Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (The Bonn Constitution), passed in 1949, provides for privacy in a couple of places. Article 1(1) protects an individual’s dignity, and Article 10 protects privacy in correspondence and telecommunications. Article 13 protects the home.

References:

"IV. Fundamental Rights of the German People voted in by the National Assembly in Frankfurt.," IV. Droits Fondementaux du Peuple Allemand votes par l'Assemblee Nationale de Francfort. (1848): 210-211: https://heinonline-org.proxygw.wrlc.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.cow/zzde0172&id=1&collection=cow&index=

The Constitution of the German Reich / August 11, 1919 / Translation of Document 2050-PS / Office of U.S. Chief of Counsel. Courtesy of Cornell University Law Library, Donovan Nuremberg Trials Collection. https://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog/nur01840

Germany Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany: "I: Basic Rights ," The Bonn Constitution; Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (1949): 1-7: https://heinonline-org.proxygw.wrlc.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.cow/zzde0008&id=5&collection=cow&index=

Ghana 🖉 edit

In the 1992 constitution, still in force today, the right to privacy in the home and correspondence is found in Article 18(2) (Constitute Project, “Ghana 1992 rev. 1996” ).

https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Ghana_ 1996? lang=en

Greece 🖉 edit

In the 1975 constitution, the Greeks protect the right to privacy in Article 9. This article protects the home, private, and family life. Article 9A provides constitutional data privacy protections (Constitute Project, “Greece 1975 rev. 2008” ).

https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Greece_ 2008? lang=en

Grenada 🖉 edit

The 1973 constitution of Grenada, the country’s first, protected the right to privacy in Article 1(c) (Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, “The Grenada Constitution Order 1973” ). Specifically, it protected the home and other property. Today, the 1973 constitution takes on similar language in Article 1(c) (Constitute Project, “Grenada 1973, reinst. 1991, rev. 1992” ).

https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Grenada_ 1992? lang=en https://www.cpahq.org/media/gq5dtcj5/gre_constitution.pdf

Guatemala 🖉 edit

There are two provisions for privacy protection in the 1985 Guatemalan Constitution. Article 23 grants privacy in the home (vivienda) and Article 24 protects correspondence and other documents (Constitute Project, “Guatemala 1985 rev. 1993” ).

https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Guatemala_ 1993? lang=en

Guinea 🖉 edit

The 2010 constitution of Guinea protects private life, correspondence, and the home in Article 12: “The domicile is inviolable. It may be infringed only in the case of grave and imminent peril, to evade [parer] a common danger or to protect the life of the persons. All other infringement, all search may only be ordered by the judge or by the authority that the law designates and in the forms prescribed by it. The secrecy of correspondence and of communication is inviolable. Each one has the right to the protection of their private life” (Constitute Project, “Guinea’s Constitution of 2010” ).

https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Guinea_ 2010. pdf

Guinea-Bissau 🖉 edit

Article 44 of the 1984 constitution grants the right to protection of personal and private life. Article 48 grants privacy in the home and correspondence (Constitute Project, “Guinea-Bissau 1984 rev. 1996” ).

https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Guinea_Bissau_ 1996? lang=en

Guyana 🖉 edit

In 1966, Guyana gained independence from Britain and, in the same order, passed its constitution. The 1966 constitution provided for protection in the home from others in Article 3(c) (Guyana Parliament, “The Guyana Independence Order 1966” ).

http://parliament.gov.gy/new2/documents/bills/2 1123/ statutory_instrument_guyana_independence_order_ 1966_ no_575.pdf

Haiti 🖉 edit

In 1801, the first constitution of Haiti protected the privacy of the home in Article 63 (Louverture Project, “Constitution of 1801” ). Today, Article 49 of the 1987 constitution protect protects communications (Constitute Project, “Haiti 1987 rev. 2012” ).

https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Haiti_ 2012? lang=en http://thelouvertureproject.org/index.php?title=Haitian_Constitution_of_ 1801_ (English)

Honduras 🖉 edit

The 1982 constitution provides for privacy protections in Article 76. In this text, one is granted “The right to honor, to personal privacy, to family, and to one's dignity” (Constitute Project, “Hungary 1982 rev. 2013" ).

https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Honduras_ 2013? lang=en

Hungary 🖉 edit

The 1949 constitution was the first to include privacy rights. In Article 57, personal privacy, as well as privacy in the home and correspondence are protected: “he Hungarian People's Republic guarantees the personal freedom and privileges of the citizens, and respects the secrecy of correspondence and the inviolability of the home” (Princeton University, “CONSTITUTION of the People's Republic of Hungary - Budapest, 20th August 1949” ). In the most recent constitution from 2011, these rights are protected in Article VI (Constitute Project, “Hungary 2011 rev. 2016” ).

https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Hungary_ 2016? lang=en https://lapa.princeton.edu/hosteddocs/hungary/ 1949% 20Hungarian%20constitution.pdf

Iceland 🖉 edit

Article 71 says, “Everyone shall enjoy freedom from interference with privacy, home, and family life” (Constitute Project, “Iceland 1944 rev. 2013” ). This article is in the 1944 constitution, which is largely based on the 1874 constitutional text that preceded it (Icelandic Human Rights Center, “Icelandic Law”).

https://www.humanrights.is/en/laws-conventions/icelandic-law https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Iceland_ 2013? lang=en

India 🖉 edit

While not explicitly mentioned in the Indian constitution, the right to privacy has been recognized by the Indian Supreme Court. In 2017, they ruled unanimously that the right to privacy for all people falls under Article 21, which provides the “protection of life and personal liberty” (McCarthy; Mahapatra & Choudhary).

McCarthy, J. ( 2017, Aug. 24). Indian Supreme Court declares privacy a fundamental right. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/ 2017/ 08/24/545963181/indian-supreme-court-declares-privacy-a-fundamental-right Mahapatra, D. & Choudhary, A.A. ( 2017, Aug. 24). Right to privacy is a fundamental right, it is intrinsic to the right to life: Supreme Court. Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/right-to-privacy-is-a-fundamental-right-supreme-court/articleshow/60203394.cms

Indonesia 🖉 edit

Article 28G grants the right to privacy. It reads, “Every person shall have the right to protection of his/herself, family, honour, dignity, and property, and shall have the right to feel secure against and receive protection from the threat of fear to do or not do something that is a human right” (Constitute Project, Indonesia 1954 reinst. 1959, rev. 2002” ).

https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Indonesia_ 2002? lang=en

Iran 🖉 edit

Some elements of what we would consider the right to privacy were guaranteed in the Supplementary Constitutional Law of 7 October 1907. Article 13 of that document focused on privacy in the home: "The dwelling-place and house of every individual is inviolable. In no dwelling-place can forcible entry be made, except by order of, and in the manner defined by, law." Article 22 discussed correspondence: "Postal communications are inviolable and exempt from seizure or opening, except in cases in which the law makes exception." Article 23 focused on telegraphy: "The publication or seizure of telegraphic communications without the permission of the author of the telegram is forbidden, except in cases in which the law makes exception."

While the constitution of Iran does not protect privacy, it does guarantee protection of the law which conforms with Islamic Law in Article 20 (Constitute Project, “Iran (Islamic Republic of) 1979 rev. 1989” ). Islam provides such protections within the Quran (Hayat, M.H., “Privacy and Islam: From the Quran to data protection in Pakistan”).

References:

Wright, Herbert F. Constitutions of the States at War 1914-1918 . Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off.: https://heinonline-org.proxygw.wrlc.org/HOL/Page?collection=cow&handle=hein.cow/stwar0001&id=499&men_tab=srchresults#

iran Constitution 1979: https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Iran_ 1989? lang=en

Muhammad Aslam Hayat (2007) Privacy and Islam: From the Quran to data protection in Pakistan, Information & Communications Technology Law, 16:2, 137-148

Iraq 🖉 edit

Article 15 of the 1925 Iraq Constitution protected the privacy of communication: "All postal and telegraphic correspondence and all telephonic communications shall be secret and free from censorship or detention, except in such circumstances and in such manner as may be prescribed by law." Article 8 guaranteed the "inviolability of all places of residence".

The 2005 constitution protects the right to personal privacy in Article 17(1) and the right to privacy in the home in Article 17(2).

References:

Iraq 1925 Constitution: https://constitution.org/1-Constitution/cons/iraq/iraqiconst19250321.html

“Iraq 2005 Constitution.” Constitute. Accessed July 19, 2023. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iraq_2005.

Israel 🖉 edit

Privacy rights in Israel derive from the Basic Law Human Liberty and Dignity of 1992. In this law, Article 7 protects privacy, intimacy, private premises, and confidential communications (Constitute Project, “Israel 1953 rev. 2013” ).

https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Israel_ 2013? lang=en

Italy 🖉 edit

Articles 13-15 grant privacy to people, homes, and correspondence in the Italian Constitution from 1947 (Constitute Project, “Italy 1947 rev. 2020” ). Previous constitutions are from 1848 and 1861, but translations were not found.

https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Italy_ 2020? lang=en

Ivory Coast 🖉 edit

The only specific privacy right mentioned in the constitution is that in Article 8, which inviolably protects the home (Constitute Project, “Côte d'Ivoire 2016” ).

https://constituteproject.org/countries/Africa/Cote_d_Ivoire?lang=en

Jamaica 🖉 edit

Chapter III of the 1962 constitution protects the fundamental rights and freedoms of Jamaicans. In Section 3(j) of Article 13, privacy protections are granted to persons, property, private and family life, and communication (Constitute Project, “Jamaica 1962 rev. 2015” ).

https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Jamaica_ 2015? lang=en

Japan 🖉 edit

Article 25 of the 1889 Japan Constitution protected the privacy of the home: "Except in the cases provided for in the law, the house of no Japanese subject shall be entered or searched without his consent". Article 26 of the 1889 Constitution protected correspondence: "Except in the cases mentioned in the law, the secrecy of the letters of every Japanese subject shall remain inviolable."

In the 1946 Constitution, Article 35 protects the home, and Article 21 protects communication: "No censorship shall be maintained, nor shall the secrecy of any means of communication be violated."

References:

1889 Japan Constitution: https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Japan_1889

1946 Japan Constitution: https://japan.kantei.go.jp/constitution_and_government_of_japan/constitution_e.html

Jordan 🖉 edit

Article 7 of the 1952 constitution says, “1. Personal freedom shall be guaranteed. 2. Every infringement on rights and public freedoms or the inviolability of the private life of Jordanians is a crime punishable by law.” Article 18 protects communications and Article 10 protects the home (Constitute Project, “Jordan 1952 rev. 2016” ).

https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Jordan_ 2016? lang=en

Kazakhstan 🖉 edit

Article 33 of the 1993 Kazakhstan Constitution reads: "Private life of a citizen shall be inviolable. Intrusion upon private life of a citizen, and also infringement upon his honor and dignity shall be prohibited." Article 34 guarantees the inviolability of the home.

Kazakhstan protected the right to privacy in Article 18 of its 1995 Constitution. It says, “1. Everyone shall have the right to inviolability of private life, personal or family secrets, protection of honor and dignity. 2. Everyone shall have the right to confidentiality of personal deposits and savings, correspondence, telephone conversations, postal, telegraph, and other messages. Limitation of this right shall be permitted only in the cases and according to the procedure directly established by law. 3. State bodies, public associations, officials, and the mass media must provide every citizen with the possibility to obtain access to documents, decisions and other sources of information concerning his rights and interests” (Constitute Project, “Kazakhstan 1995 rev. 2017” ).

References:

"The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan," International Legal Perspectives 5, no. 1 (1993): 114

1995 Constitution: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Kazakhstan_2017

Kenya 🖉 edit

In 1963, the Kenyan Constitution protected privacy in the home and other property in Article 14(c) (Kenya Law, “ 1963 Constitution”). Article 23(1) protected correspondence from interference.

Today, Article 31 of the 2010 Kenyan Constitution gives every person the right to privacy in their person, home, possessions, family life, and correspondence (Constitute Project, “Kenya 2010 Constitution”).

References:

1963 Constitution of Kenya: http://kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/1963_Constitution.pdf

2010 Constitution of Kenya: https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Kenya_2010

Kingdom of the Netherlands 🖉 edit

Article 10 of the 1814 Constitution grants privacy rights to persons in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. 10(1) states “Everyone has, save for limitations to be provided by or pursuant to statute, the right to respect for his private life.” Article 13 protects private correspondence and Article 12 protects the home (Hardt & Kiiver, 2019, 141).

Sascha Hardt & Phillip Kiiver. Comparative Constitutional Law Documents. “Constitution for the Kingdom of the Netherlands of 24 August 1815. ”

Kiribati 🖉 edit

Article 3 of the 1979 constitution calls for the protection of privacy in the home and Article 9 protects a person from searches (Constitute Project, “Kiribati 1979 rev. 2013” ).

https://constituteproject.org/countries/Oceania/Kiribati?lang=en

Kuwait 🖉 edit

Kuwait’s 1962 constitution has been reinstated twice, but it does not mention privacy rights generally. It does, however, protect the inviolability of the home in Article 38 (Constitute Project, “Kuwait 1962 reinst. 1992” ).

https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Kuwait_ 1992? lang=en

Kyrgyzstan 🖉 edit

According to Article 39.2 of the 1993 Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic as amended in February 1996, "The state shall guarantee everyone a protection from arbitrary and unlawful interference with one's private and family life, infringement of one's honor and dignity, breach of secrecy of correspondence and telephone conversations."

References:

1993 Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic as amended in February 1996: http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/research/kyrgyzrepublic-constitution.html

Laos 🖉 edit

Privacy rights are scarcely protected in Laos. The revised 2015 constitution protects violations of life, body, integrity, and property in Article 42, which has been amended since the implementation of the constitution in 1991 (Constitute Project, “Lao People’s Democratic Republic 1991 rev. 2015” ).

https://media.bloomsburyprofessional.com/rep/files/laos-constitution- 1947- 1949- englishx.pdf https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Laos_ 2015? lang=en

Latvia 🖉 edit

Article 96 of the 1922 constitution states “Everyone has the right to inviolability of his or her private life, home and correspondence” (Constitute Project, “Latvia 1922, reinst. 1991, rev. 2016” ).

https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Latvia_ 2016? lang=en

Lebanon 🖉 edit

The constitution provides no protections for general privacy rights. However, Article 14 does protect the inviolability of the home (Constitute Project, “Lebanon 1926 rev. 2004” ).

https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Lebanon_ 2004? lang=en

Lesotho 🖉 edit

The 1993 constitution of Lesotho sets forth fundamental rights which are granted to each person in Lesotho in Article 4. In Section 1(g) of Article 4, the right to respect for family and private life is protected. In Article 11, this right is expanded upon and clarified: "Every person shall be entitled to respect for his private an family life and his home." Article 14 guaranteed freedom of interference with correspondence. (Constitute Project, “Lesotho 1993 rev. 2018” ).

References:

https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Lesotho_ 2018? lang=en

Liberia 🖉 edit

The 1825 and 1847 constitutions of Liberia did not included mention of privacy rights. The first protection of privacy rights was in the 1986 constitution, Article 16. Article 16 states “No person shall be subjected to interference with his privacy of person, family, home or correspondence except by order of a court of competent jurisdiction” (Constitute Project, “Liberia 1986” ).

http://crc.gov.lr/doc/CONSTITUTION%20OF%20 1847% 20final.pdf https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Liberia_ 1986? lang=en

Libya 🖉 edit

The interim constitution of 2011 is the first to grant privacy rights. It does so in Articles 11-13. These articles protect homes, private life, and correspondence (Constitute Project, “Libya 2011 rev. 2012” ).

https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Libya_ 2012? lang=en

Liechtenstein 🖉 edit

The 1862 constitution alludes to privacy rights in the home in Article 12 (Wright, “Constitution of 26 September 1862. ”). Today, privacy rights go further under the 1921 constitution, with Article 32 guaranteeing “Personal liberty, the immunity of the home and the inviolability of letters and written matter” (Constitute Project, “Liechtenstein 1921 rev. 2011” ).

https://books.google.com/books?id=kXBDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA375&lpg=PA375&dq= 1862+ Constitution+of+Liechtenstein+full+text&source=bl&ots=6dAZ5MiCdX&sig=YurO0ujdxMdcKsMLT_DfGdxPCm0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=axZlU-b1KorroATU9oG4Cg#v=onepage&q=priva&f=false https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Liechtenstein_ 2011? lang=en

Lithuania 🖉 edit

Articles 22 and 24 grant privacy rights in Lithuania. Article 22 declares the inviolability of the private life, including correspondence and data, and Article 24 protects the home (Constitute Project, “Lithuania 1992 rev. 2019” ).

https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Lithuania_ 2019? lang=en

Luxembourg 🖉 edit

The 1868 constitution, since amended, protects private life in Article 3. In Article 15, it protects the home and in Article 28, correspondence (Constitute Project, “Luxembourg 1868 rev. 2009” ).

https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Luxembourg_ 2009? lang=en

Madagascar 🖉 edit

Article 13(1) governs privacy rights in Madagascar. It assures each individual “the inviolability of their person, their domicile and of the secrecy of their correspondence” (Constitute Project, “Madagascar 2010” ).

https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Madagascar_ 2010? lang=en