Peru

Peru

Right	Section	Contents
Freedom of Association	History	Peru protects freedom of association in the Political Constitution of the Republic of Peru, promulgated in 1856. According to Article XXVIII, “all citizens possess the right of meeting together peaceably, whether in public or in private, provided public order be not compromised.” British and Foreign State Papers (1856-1857). “Political Constitution of the Republic of Peru – Lima, October 13, 1856.” World Constitutions Illustrated, July 24, 2023, https://heinonline-org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?collection=cow&handle=hein.cow/bfsprs0047&id=1171.
Freedom of Expression	History	Article 2 of the 1993 Constitution of Peru asserts the right of every person "To freedom of information, opinion, expression, and dissemination of thought, whether oral, written, or in images, through any medium of social communication, and without previous authorization, censorship, or impediment, under penalty of law." https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Peru_2021?lang=en.
Freedom of Religion	History	The current Constitution of Peru was ratified on 31 December 1993. Articles 2.2, 2.3, and 37 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. Article 50 recognizes the Catholic Church as historically, culturally, and morally important. Constitution Project. “Peru 1993 (Rev. 2021) Constitution.” Constitute. POGO, April 27, 2022. Last modified April 27, 2022. Accessed June 24, 2022. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Peru_2021?lang=en.
Freedom of the Press	History	Article 3 of Peru’s 1823 Constitution originally protected press freedom (Wikisource, "Political Constitution of the Peruvian Republic of 1823" ). Today, Article 2 of Peru’s 1993 Constitution protects press freedom: “To freedom of information, opinion, expression, and dissemination of thought, whether oral, written, or in images, through any medium of social communication, and without previous authorization, censorship, or impediment, under penalty of law" (Constitute Project, “ Peru’s Constitution of 1993 with Amendments through 2021” ).
Privacy Rights	History	Article 193 of the 1823 Constitution guaranteed the inviolability of the "security of person and domicile.". The same article asserted the "inviolability of letters." Article 31 of the 1920 Constitution guaranteed the inviolability of one's home against entry in the absence of a warrant from varying government officials: "The domicile is inviolable and may not be entered without first showing a warrant written by a justice or by the authority charged with preservation of public order. The officers of enforcement of sanitary and municipal ordinances may also enter the domicile. Both the ones and the others are obliged to show the warrant of their authority and to furnish a copy of the same when required to do so." Article 32 guaranteed the inviolability of correspondence. Today, Article 2(7) protects privacy rights in Peru for one’s honor, reputation, personal and family life, voice, and image (Constitute Project, “Peru 1993 rev. 2021” ). Similar rights appear to have been listed in Article 2 of the 1979 constitution, but an English translation could not be found. LEGUIA, A. B. “CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF PERU.” The Southwestern Political Science Quarterly 2, no. 1 (1921): 108. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42883893. http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/research/Peru-Constitucion%20 1979. pdf https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Peru_ 2021? lang=en Peru 1823 Constitution, from British and Foreign State Papers (1822-1823): https://heinonline-org.proxygw.wrlc.org/HOL/Page?collection=cow&handle=hein.cow/bfsprs0010&id=738&men_tab=srchresults#
Voting Rights and Suffrage	History	Under articles 111 and 191 the President and the Regional Governors are elected through universal suffrage. The voting age in Peru is 18 years of age. (Constitute Project, “ Peru’s Constitution of 1993 with Amendments through 2021” ).