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Article 25 of Sierra Leone’s [[Probable year:: 1991]] Constitution protects press freedom: “Except with his own consent, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, and for the purpose of this section the said freedom includes the freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart ideas and information without interference, freedom from interference with his correspondence, freedom to own, establish and operate any medium for the dissemination of information, ideas and opinions, and academic freedom in institutions of learning" (Constitute Project, “Sierra Leone’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1991]], reinstated in [[Probable year:: 1996]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2013]]” ). +
Singapore’s [[Probable year:: 1963]] Constitution contains no protection for press freedom, but does protect freedom of speech and expression (Constitute Project, “Singapore’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1963]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2016]]” ). +
As a part of Czechoslovakia, freedom of the press was protected by Article 113 of the [[Probable year:: 1920]] Czechoslovakian Constitution: “Freedom of the Press as well as the right to assemble peaceably and without arms and to form associations is guaranteed” (Masarykova Univerzita, “The Constitutional charter of the Czechoslovak Republic”).
Today, Article 26 of Slovakia’s [[Probable year:: 1992]] Constitution protects press freedom: “Every person has the right to express his or her opinion in words, writing, print, images and any other means, and also to seek, receive and disseminate ideas and information both nationally and internationally. No approval process shall be required for publication of the press. Radio and television companies may be required to seek permission from the State authorities to set up private businesses. Further details shall be provided by law. Censorship shall be prohibited" (Constitute Project, “Slovakia’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1992]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2017]]” ). +
Article 39 of Slovenia’s [[Probable year:: 1991]] Constitution protects press freedom: “Freedom of expression of thought, freedom of speech and public appearance, of the press and other forms of public communication and expression shall be guaranteed" (Constitute Project, “Slovenia’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1991]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2016]]” ). +
Article 12 of the Solomon Islands’ [[Probable year:: 1978]] Constitution protects press freedom through freedom of expression: “Except with his own consent, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, and for the purposes of this of section the said freedom includes the freedom to hold opinions without interference, freedom to receive ideas and information without interference, freedom to communicate ideas and information without interference and freedom from interference with his correspondence" (Constitute Project, “Solomon Islands’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1978]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2018]]” ). +
Somalia’s [[Probable year:: 1961]] Constitution had no explicit mention of freedom of the press, but protected the right for every person “freely to express his own opinion in any manner, subject to any limitations which may be prescribed by law for the purpose of safeguarding morals and public security" (WIPO, "Somali Constitution").
Article 18 of Somalia’s [[Probable year:: 2012]] Constitution protects press freedom: “Freedom of expression includes freedom of speech, and freedom of the media, including all forms of electronic and web-based media" (Constitute Project, “ Somalia’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 2012]]” ). +
South Africa’s Progressive Federal Party pushed to include freedom of the press as a part of a Bill of Rights during the drafting of the [[Probable year:: 1983]] South African Constitution, but it was ultimately rejected by the rest of Parliament (SAMEDIA, “PFP’s lone stand on ‘Rights’”).
Today, Article 16 of South Africa’s [[Probable year:: 1996]] Constitution protects press freedom: “Everyone has the right to freedom of expression, which includes…freedom of the press and other media" (Constitute Project, “South Africa’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1996]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2012]]” ). +
Section 4 of the [[Probable year:: 1919]] Provisional Republic of Korea’s Constitution first protected press freedom: “The citizens of the Korean Republic shall have religious liberty, freedom of speech, freedom of writing and publication, the right to hold public meetings and form social organizations and the full right to choose their dwellings and change their abode" (USC Libraries, "Constitution of the Korean Provisional Government, [[Probable year:: 1919]]" ).
Today, Article 21 of South Korea’s [[Probable year:: 1948]] Constitution protects press freedom: “All citizens shall enjoy freedom of speech and the press, and freedom of assembly and association" (Korea Legislative Research Institute, "CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA"). +
Article 24 of South Sudan’s [[Probable year:: 2011]] Constitution protects press freedom: “All levels of government shall guarantee the freedom of the press and other media as shall be regulated by law in a democratic society" (Constitute Project, “South Sudan’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 2011]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2013]]” ). +
The Spanish Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1812]] protected freedom of the press under Article 131: The powers and duties of the Courts are…to protect the political liberty of the press” (Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, “The Political Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy: Promulgated in Cádiz, the nineteenth day of March").
Today, Section 20 of Spain’s [[Probable year:: 1978]] Constitution protects press freedom: “the right to freely express and spread thoughts, ideas and opinions through words, in writing or by any other means of reproduction" (Constitute Project, “ Spain’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1978]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2011]]” ). +
Chapter IV of the [[Probable year:: 1972]] Sri Lankan Constitution first protected press freedom: “every citizen shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression, including publication" (Parliament of Sri Lanka, "The Constitution of Sri Lanka (Ceylon)").
Article 14 of Sri Lanka’s [[Probable year:: 1978]] Constitution protects press freedom: “Every citizen is entitled to…the freedom of speech and expression including publication" Constitute Project, “Sri Lanka’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1978]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2015]]” ). +
Article 49 of Sudan’s [[Probable year:: 1973]] Constitution first protected press freedom: “The press shall be free within the limits of the law, as a means to educate and enlighten the people, and it shall be directed to serve the objectives of the people" (Right to Nonviolence, "The Permanent Constitution of Sudan").
Article 57 of Sudan’s [[Probable year:: 2019]] Constitution protects press freedom: “Every citizen has the unrestricted right to freedom of expression, to receive and publish information and publications, and to access the press, without prejudice to public order, safety and morals in accordance with what is determined by law" (Constitute Project, “Sudan’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 2019]]” ). +
Article 19 of Suriname’s [[Probable year:: 1987]] Constitution protects press freedom: “Everyone has the right to make public his thoughts or feelings and to express his opinion through the printed press or other means of communication, subject to the responsibility of all as set forth in the law" (Constitute Project, “Suriname’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1987]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 1992]]” ). +
Sweden was the first nation to formally protect freedom of the press through the [[Probable year:: 1766]] Freedom of the Press Act: “The freedom of the press is understood to mean the right of every Swedish citizen to publish written matter, without prior hindrance by a public authority or other public body, and not to be prosecuted thereafter on grounds of its content other than before a lawful court, or punished therefor other than because the content contravenes an express provision of law, enacted to preserve public order without suppressing information to the public" (Hirschfeldt [[Probable year:: 2017]], p. 580).
The Freedom of the Press Act is still included in Sweden’s [[Probable year:: 1974]] Constitution, and Article 1 of Chapter 2 extends further protections for press freedom across “sound radio, television and certain similar transmissions, as well as in films, video recordings, sound recordings and other technical recordings" (Constitute Project, “Sweden’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1974]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2012]]” ). +
Article 55 of Switzerland’s [[Probable year:: 1874]] Constitution first protected press freedom: “The freedom of the press is guaranteed" (ICL Project, "Switzerland > Constitution [[Probable year:: 1874]]" ).
Today, Article 17 of Switzerland’s [[Probable year:: 1999]] Constitution protects press freedom: “Freedom of the press, radio and television and of other forms of dissemination of features and information by means of public telecommunications is guaranteed" (Constitute Project, “Switzerland’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1999]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2014]]” ). +
Article 17 of Syria’s [[Probable year:: 1930]] Constitution first protected press freedom: “Freedom of the press and printing is guaranteed under the conditions provided for by law" (Wikisource, "Constitution syrienne du 14 mai [[Probable year:: 1930]]" ). [Translated from French]
Today, Article 43 of Syria’s [[Probable year:: 2012]] Constitution protects press freedom: “The state shall guarantee freedom of the press, printing and publishing, the media and its independence in accordance with the law" (Constitute Project, “Syria’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 2012]]” ). +
Article 30 of Sao Tome and Principe’s [[Probable year:: 1975]] Constitution protects press freedom: “Freedom of the press is guaranteed in the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, within the terms of the law. The State guarantees a public service press independent of the interests of economic and political groups" (Constitute Project, “São Tomé and Príncipes’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1975]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2003]]” ). +
Article 30 of Tajikistan’s [[Probable year:: 1994]] Constitution protects press freedom: “Everyone is guaranteed freedom of speech, press, [and] the right to use means of mass information" (Constitute Project, “Tajikistan’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1994]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2016]]” ). +
Tanzania’s [[Probable year:: 1961]] Constitution did not explicitly protect press freedom, but did protect freedom of expression (Citizenship Rights Africa, "The Tanganyika Constitution"
Today, Article 18 of Tanzania’s [[Probable year:: 1977]] Constitution protects press freedom as a part of freedom of expression: “Without prejudice to expression the laws of the land, every person has the right to freedom of opinion and expression, and to seek, receive and impart or disseminate information and ideas through any media regardless of national frontiers, and also has the right of freedom from interference with his communications" (Constitute Project, “Tanzania’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1977]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2005]]” ). +
Article 14 of Thailand’s [[Probable year:: 1932]] Constitution first protected press freedom: “Subject to the provisions of the law, every person enjoys full liberty of person, abode, property, speech, writing, publication, education, public meeting, association and vocation" (Bloomsbury Publishing, "Thailand Constitution [[Probable year:: 1932]]" ).
Section 35 of Thailand’s [[Probable year:: 2017]] Constitution protects press freedom: “A media professional shall have liberty in presenting news or expressing opinions in accordance with professional ethics" (Constitute Project, “Thailand’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 2017]]” ). +