Property:Contents
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
F
Article 16 of Mongolia’s [[Probable year:: 1992]] Constitution protects press freedom: “Freedom of thought, opinion and expression, speech, press, and peaceful assembly. The rules of procedures for conduct of demonstrations and public meetings shall be determined by law" (Constitute Project, “Mongolia’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1992]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2001]]” ).
Earlier iterations of the Mongolian Constitution, with the earliest ratified in [[Probable year:: 1924]], included protections on freedom of expression that included freedom of the press.
References:
1924 Constitution of the Mongolian People's Republic: British and Foreign State Papers (1931) https://heinonline-org.proxygw.wrlc.org/HOL/Page?collection=cow&handle=hein.cow/bfsprs0134&id=1244&men_tab=srchresults
“Mongolia 1992 (rev. 2001).” Constitute. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Mongolia_2001 +
According to Article 210 of the 1905 Montenegro Constitution: "The press is free. Censorship, warning and every preventive measure capable of preventing the issue, sale and publication of writings and of journals are forbidden except in the cases provided for by the law on the press."
As a former part of Yugoslavia, freedom of the press was protected in Montenegro under Article 36 of the Yugoslavian Constitution: “Freedom of the press and other forms of public information shall be guaranteed. Citizens shall have the right to express and publish their opinions in the mass media" (National Legislative Bodies, “Constitution of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia”).
Today, Article 49 of Montenegro’s [[Probable year:: 2007]] Constitution protects press freedom: “Freedom of press and other forms of public information shall be guaranteed. The right to establish newspapers and other public information media, without approval, by registration with the competent authority, shall be guaranteed" (Constitute Project, “Montenegro’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 2007]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2013]]” ).
1905 Montenegro Constitution: English translation from the French text of the original Constitution of 1905 "Part 14: The Constitutional Rights of Montenegrin Citizens," Constitution of 6/19 December 1905. (1905): 426-427: https://heinonline-org.mutex.gmu.edu/HOL/Page?handle=hein.cow/zzmb0013&id=20&collection=cow&index= +
Article 28 of Morocco’s [[Probable year:: 2011]] Constitution protects press freedom: “The freedom of the press is guaranteed and may not be limited by any form of prior censure" (Constitute Project, “Morocco’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 2011]]” ). +
Mozambique guaranteed press freedom in Article 74 of its [[Probable year:: 1990]] Constitution: “All citizens shall have the right to freedom of expression and to freedom of the press, as well as the right to information” (World Bank, “The Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique, [[Probable year:: 1990]]” ).
Today, this clause is found in Article 48 of Mozambique’s [[Probable year:: 2004]] Constitution (Constitute Project, “Mozambique’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 2004]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2007]]” ). +
The [[Probable year:: 1947]] Constitution of Burma originally protected press freedom as a part of freedom of expression in Chapter I, Section 17: “There shall liberty for the exercise of the following rights subject to law, public order and morality…The right of the citizens to express freely their convictions and opinions” (Burma Library, “The Constitution of the Union of Burma, 24 September [[Probable year:: 1947]], Effective 4 January [[Probable year:: 1948]]” ).
Today, Chapter VIII, Article 354 of Myanmar’s [[Probable year:: 2008]] Constitution protects press freedom: “Every citizen shall be at liberty in the exercise of the following rights…to express and publish freely their convictions and opinions" (Constitute Project, “Myanmar’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 2008]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2015]]” ). +
Article 21 of Namibia’s [[Probable year:: 1990]] Constitution protects press freedom: “All persons shall have the right to…freedom of speech and expression, which shall include freedom of the press and other media" (Constitute Project, “Namibia’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1990]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2014]]” ). +
Nauru’s [[Probable year:: 1968]] Constitution does not contain explicit protections for press freedom, but does protect freedom of expression (Constitute Project, “Nauru’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1968]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2015]]” ). +
Part II of Nepal’s [[Probable year:: 1948]] Constitution originally protected press freedom: “Subject to the principles! of public order and morality this Constitution guarantees to the citizens of Nepal freedom of person, freedom of speech, liberty of the press, freedom of assembly and discussion, freedom of worship, complete equality in the eye of the law, cheap and speedy justice, universal free compulsory elementary education, universal and equal suffrage for all adults, security of private property as defined by the laws of the State as at present existing and laws and rules to be made hereunder” (Constitutionnet, “Constitution of Nepal Effective April 1, [[Probable year:: 1949]]” ).
Today, Article 19 of Nepal’s [[Probable year:: 2015]] Constitution protects press freedom: “There shall be no prior censorship of publications and broadcasting, or information dissemination, or printing of any news item, editorial, article, feature, or other reading material, or the use of audio-visual material by any medium, including electronic publication, broadcasting and printing" (Constitute Project, “ Nepal’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 2015]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2016]]” ). +
Article 14 of New Zealand’s [[Probable year:: 1852]] Constitution protects press freedom under freedom of expression: “Everyone has the right to freedom of expression, including the freedom to seek, receive, and impart information and opinions of any kind in any form" (Constitute Project, “New Zealand’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1852]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2014]]” ). +
Article 66 of Nicaragua’s [[Probable year:: 1987]] Constitution protects press freedom: “Nicaraguans have the right to truthful information. This right comprises the freedom to seek, receive and disseminate information and ideas, be they spoken or written, in graphic or by any other chosen procedure" (Constitute Project, “ Nicaragua’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1987]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2005]]” ). +
Article 100 of Niger’s [[Probable year:: 2010]] Constitution protects press freedom: “The Law determines the fundamental principles…of the protection of the freedom of the press and of the access to public information and to administrative documents" (Constitute Project, “Niger’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 2010]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2017]]” ). +
Article 25 of Nigeria’s [[Probable year:: 1963]] Constitution protected press freedom: “Every person shall be entitled to freedom of expression, including freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart ideas and information without interference” (Global Citizenship Observatory, “The [[Probable year:: 1963]] Constitution of Nigeria”).
Today, Chapter IV, Article 39 of Nigeria’s [[Probable year:: 1999]] Constitution protects press freedom: “Every person shall be entitled to freedom of expression, including freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart ideas and information without interference" (Constitute Project, “ Nigeria’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1999]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2011]]” ). +
Article 13 of the [[Probable year:: 1948]] North Korean Constitution originally protected press freedom: “Citizens of the D.P.R.K. have freedom of speech, the press, association, assembly, mass meetings and demonstration” (The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, “Constitution of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea”).
Today, Article 67 of North Korea’s [[Probable year:: 1972]] Constitution protects press freedom: “Citizens are guaranteed freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, demonstration and association" (Constitute Project, “ North Korea’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1972]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 1998]]” ). +
Article 16 of North Macedonia’s [[Probable year:: 1991]] Constitution protects press freedom: “The freedom of speech, public address, public information and the establishment of institutions for public information is guaranteed. Free access to information and the freedom of reception and transmission of information are guaranteed" (Constitute Project, “North Macedonia (Republic of)'s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1991]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2011]]” ). +
Article 100 of Norway’s [[Probable year:: 1814]] Constitution protects press freedom: “No person may be held liable in law for having imparted or received information, ideas or messages unless this can be justified in relation to the grounds for freedom of expression, which are the seeking of truth, the promotion of democracy and the individual's freedom to form opinions. Such legal liability shall be prescribed by law…Prior censorship and other preventive measures may not be applied unless so required in order to protect children and young persons from the harmful influence of moving pictures. Censorship of letters may only be imposed in institutions" (Constitute Project, “Norway's Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1814]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2014]]” ). +
Article 31 of Oman’s [[Probable year:: 1996]] Constitution protects press freedom: “The freedom of the press, printing, and publishing is guaranteed according to the terms and conditions prescribed by the Law. Anything that leads to discord, affects the security of State, or prejudices human dignity or rights, is prohibited" (Constitute Project, “ Oman’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1996]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2011]]” ). +
Article 19 of Pakistan’s [[Probable year:: 1973]] Constitution protects press freedom: “Every citizen shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression, and there shall be freedom of the press, subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interest of the glory of Islam or the integrity, security or defence of Pakistan or any part thereof, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, commission of or incitement to an offence" (Constitute Project, “ Pakistan’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1973]], reinstated in [[Probable year:: 2002]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2018]]” ). +
Article IV, Section 2 of Palau’s [[Probable year:: 1981]] Constitution protects press freedom: “The government shall take no action to deny or impair the freedom of expression or press. No bona fide reporter may be required by the government to divulge or be jailed for refusal to divulge information obtained in the course of a professional investigation" (Constitute Project, “Palau’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1981]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 1992]]” ). +
Article 37 of Panama’s [[Probable year:: 1972]] Constitution protects press freedom: “Every person may express his/her opinion freely, either orally, in writing or by any other means, without being subject to prior censorship. Legal responsibility (liability) will, however, be incurred when by any of these means, the reputation or honor of persons is assailed, or when social security or public order is attacked" (Constitute Project, “ Panama’s Constitution of [[Probable year:: 1972]] with Amendments through [[Probable year:: 2004]]” ). +
Article 46 of Papua New Guinea’s [[Probable year:: 1975]] Constitution protects press freedom: “Every person has the right to freedom of expression and publication, except to the extent that the exercise of that right is regulated or restricted by a law…‘freedom of expression and publication’ includes… freedom of the press and other mass communications media” (Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute, “Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea”). +