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Today, Articles 28-30 of the [[Probable year:: 1994]] constitution protect privacy rights in Moldova. Article 28 grants privacy in private and family life, Article 29 in the home, and Article 30 in correspondence (Constitute Project, “Moldova [[Probable year:: 1994]] rev. [[Probable year:: 2016]]” ).
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Moldova_[[Probable year:: 2016]]? lang=en +
The [[Probable year:: 1962]] constitution, still in force today, protects the home in Article 21 and the general right to privacy in Article 22. Article 22 calls out private and family life as well as correspondence (Constitute Project, “Monaco [[Probable year:: 1962]] rev [[Probable year:: 2002]]” ).
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Monaco_[[Probable year:: 2002]]? lang=en +
Article 87 of the 1940 Constitution of the Mongol People's Republic: "The inviolability of the homes of citizens and privacy of correspondence are protected by law."
Article 16(13) of the [[Probable year:: 1992]] constitution protects the right to personal liberty and safety. It says, “The privacy of citizens, their families, confidentiality of correspondence and communication, and the inviolability of home residence shall be protected by law” (Constitute Project, “Mongolia [[Probable year:: 1992]] rev. [[Probable year:: 2001]]) .
References:
1940 Constitution of the Mongol People's Republic: Peaslee Amos J. Constitutions of Nations. Concord, Rumford Press (1950). https://heinonline-org.proxygw.wrlc.org/HOL/Page?collection=cow&handle=hein.beal/connat0002&id=494&men_tab=srchresults
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Mongolia_[[Probable year:: 2001]]? lang=en +
According to Article 211 of the 1905 Montenegro Constitution: "Epistolary and telegraphic privacy is inviolable except
in case of war or judicial inquiry."
Article 20 of the [[Probable year:: 1992]] constitution says, “physical and psychological integrity of man, his privacy and personal rights are inviolable” (Venice Commission, “Constitution of the Republic of Montenegro”). Today, Article 28 says “The inviolability of the physical and mental integrity of a man, and privacy and individual rights thereof shall be guaranteed” (Constitute Project, “Montenegro [[Probable year:: 2007]] rev. [[Probable year:: 2013]]” ).
https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL([[Probable year:: 2005]]) 096-e
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Montenegro_[[Probable year:: 2013]]? lang=en
1905 Montenegro Constitution: English translation from the French text of the original Constitution of 1905 "Part 14: The Constitutional Rights of Montenegrin Citizens," Constitution of 6/19 December 1905. (1905): 426-427: https://heinonline-org.mutex.gmu.edu/HOL/Page?handle=hein.cow/zzmb0013&id=20&collection=cow&index= +
The [[Probable year:: 2011]] Moroccan constitution was the first to have fundamental rights based on international treaties (Moroccan Government, “Constitution”). This made it the first to guarantee the right to privacy, which was achieved in Article 24 (Moroccan Government, “Constitution”; Constitute Project, “Morocco [[Probable year:: 2011]]” ). Article 24 protects private life, the home, and correspondence (Constitute Project, “Morocco [[Probable year:: 2011]]” ).
https://www.maroc.ma/en/content/constitution
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_[[Probable year:: 2011]]? lang=en +
The [[Probable year:: 1975]] constitution of Mozambique granted “All citizens … the right to their honor, good name and reputation, as well as the right to privacy and to defend their public image” (RefWorld, “Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique”). This is echoed in Article 41 of the [[Probable year:: 2004]] constitution (Constitute Project, “Mozambique [[Probable year:: 2004]] rev. [[Probable year:: 2007]]” ).
https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4f40.html
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Mozambique_[[Probable year:: 2007]]? lang=en +
Article 160 in the [[Probable year:: 1974]] Burmese Constitution grants privacy for home, property, correspondence, and communications (Burma Library, “THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNION OF BURMA ([[Probable year:: 1974]]) ”). Today, these same protections are afforded in Article 357 (Constitute Project, “Myanmar [[Probable year:: 2008]] rev. [[Probable year:: 2015]]” ).
https://www.burmalibrary.org/docs07/[[Probable year:: 1974]]C onstitution.pdf?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_uXw1EkLnkyq9T6FqkzA_NO9lvJaIhzdgyzAJ1J1s5Ko-163543[[Probable year:: 1051]]- 0-gqNtZGzNAiWjcnBszQjR
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Myanmar_[[Probable year:: 2015]]? lang=en +
The [[Probable year:: 1990]] constitution protects the right to privacy in the home and for correspondence in Article 13 (Constitute Project, “Namibia [[Probable year:: 1990]] rev. [[Probable year:: 2014]]” ).
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Namibia_[[Probable year:: 2014]]? lang=en +
The preamble to Part II Fundamental Rights and Freedoms in the [[Probable year:: 1968]] constitution grants everyone the “respect for his private and family life” (Constitute Project, “Nauru [[Probable year:: 1968]] rev. [[Probable year:: 2015]]” ).
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Nauru_[[Probable year:: 2015]]? lang=en +
The [[Probable year:: 1990]] constitution was the first to protect privacy as a fundamental right. In Article 22: “Except as provided by law, the privacy of the person, house, property, document, correspondence or information of anyone is inviolable” (Constitution Net, “The Constitution of Nepal [[Probable year:: 1990]]” ). In the [[Probable year:: 2015]] constitution, the same language is used in Article 28 (Constitute Project, “Nepal [[Probable year:: 2015]] rev. [[Probable year:: 2016]]" ).
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Nepal_[[Probable year:: 2016]]? lang=en
https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/[[Probable year:: 1990]]_ constitution_english.pdf +
New Zealand governs privacy rights with the [[Probable year:: 1993]] Privacy Act, which has since been replaced with the [[Probable year:: 2020]] Privacy Act.
https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/[[Probable year:: 1993]]/ 0028/latest/DLM296639.html +
Article 28 of the 1826 Constitution of the State of Nicaragua states that “the private actions that do not damage the order, the morality, nor public decency, nor produce prejudices to third parties; are outside the action of the law.” The 1974 Constitution of the Republic of Nicaragua, however, contains different language on the right to privacy, and only deals with privacy of the home and property. Article 58 states that “The state guarantees the inviolability of the home, the dwelling, and of any other private premises of persons, which may be entered only by authorized officials, in the following cases,” containing nine specified points including but not limited to criminal investigations, natural disasters, and rescue efforts. The end of the Article specifies that “In the last four cases entry may not be made except pursuant to a written order stating the grounds therefor, issued by a competent authority; and the consent of the head of the household shall be necessary if it is to be carried out between 7 pm and 6 am.” The 1987 Political Constitution of the Republic of Nicaragua mentions other forms of privacy in addition to privacy of the home in Article 26: “All persons have the right to: 1. Privacy and the privacy of their family; 2. The inviolability of their home, correspondence and communications; 3. Respect for their honor and reputation,” and that “illegally seized letters, documents, and other private papers shall be null and void in legal proceedings or elsewhere.”
References:
Constitution of the State of Nicaragua, 1826. World Constitutions Illustrated, HeinOnline: https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.cow/zzni0038&i=1
Constitution of the Republic of Nicaragua, 1972. PAU/OAS, World Constitutions Illustrated, HeinOnline: https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.cow/zzni0032&i=1
Political Constitution of the Republic of Nicaragua, 1987. National Assembly (1989), World Constitutions Illustrated, HeinOnline: https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.cow/zzni0022&i=1
The [[Probable year:: 2010]] constitution only protects the domicile of people in terms of privacy rights. This is done in Article 27 (Constitute Project, “Niger [[Probable year:: 2010]] rev. [[Probable year:: 2017]]” ).
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Niger_[[Probable year:: 2017]]? lang=en +
In [[Probable year:: 1960]], the country’s first constitution protected the private life, home, and correspondence of each person in Article 22 (World Statesmen, “The Constitution of the Federation of Niger”).
Today, the same language is seen in Article 37 of the [[Probable year:: 1999]] constitution (Constitute Project, “Nigeria Constitution [[Probable year:: 1999]] rev. [[Probable year:: 2011]]” ).
https://www.worldstatesmen.org/nigeria_const[[Probable year:: 1960]]. pdf
https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Nigeria_[[Probable year:: 2011]]? lang=en +
Article 79 of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea [[Probable year:: 1972]] constitution grants that citizens and homes are inviolable and that communications are private (Constitute Project, “Korea (Democratic People’s Republic of) [[Probable year:: 1972]] rev. [[Probable year:: 2016]]” ).
https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Peoples_Republic_of_Korea_[[Probable year:: 2016]]? lang=en +
Article 25 of the [[Probable year:: 1991]] constitution states “Each citizen is guaranteed the respect and protection of the privacy of his/her personal and family life and of his/her dignity and repute.” Amendment XIX, altering Article 17, protects communications more heavily (Constitute Project, “North Macedonia [[Probable year:: 1991]] rev. [[Probable year:: 2011]]” ).
https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Macedonia_[[Probable year:: 2011]]? lang=en +
Article 102 of Norway’s 1814 Constitution states that “inquiries in private houses are not permitted, unless in criminal cases.” The 2018 Norwegian Data Protection Act additionally protects personal data and implements the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (“Data Protection Law,” 2024).
References:
“Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway, 1814”. Norwegian Government (1814), World Constitutions Illustrated, HeinOnline: https://heinonline.org/HOL/COWShow?collection=cow&cow_id=312
“Data Protection Law in Norway.” 2024. DLA Piper. Accessed July 19, 2024. https://www.dlapiperdataprotection.com/index.html?t=law&c=NO +
The Oman constitution, written in [[Probable year:: 1996]], only constitutional protects the privacy of homes in Article 27 (Constitute Project, "Oman [[Probable year:: 1996]] rev. [[Probable year:: 2011]]" ).
https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Oman_[[Probable year:: 2011]]? lang=en +
The [[Probable year:: 1973]] constitution, reinstated in [[Probable year:: 2002]], in Article 14 cites the inviolability of man’s dignity and privacy in the home as fundamental (Constitute Project, “Pakistan Constitution reinst. [[Probable year:: 2002]], rev. [[Probable year:: 2018]]” ).
https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Pakistan_[[Probable year:: 2018]]? lang=en +
Article IV(4) of the [[Probable year:: 1981]] constitution ensures “Every person has the right to be secure in his person, house, papers and effects against entry, search and seizure” (Constitute Project, “Palau [[Probable year:: 1981]] rev. [[Probable year:: 1992]]" ).
https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Palau_[[Probable year:: 1992]]? lang=en +