Freedom of Religion/Limitations - Restrictions/Specific limitations - Revision history

Jkochan1 at 11:48, 27 February 2023

2023-02-27T11:48:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:48, 27 February 2023
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	\|questionHeading=Is this right subject to specific limitations in event of emergency (war, brief natural disaster [weather, earthquake], long-run natural disaster [volcano, fire, disease])? Can such limitations be defined in advance with reference to the disaster in question?		\|questionHeading=Is this right subject to specific limitations in event of emergency (war, brief natural disaster [weather, earthquake], long-run natural disaster [volcano, fire, disease])? Can such limitations be defined in advance with reference to the disaster in question?
	\|pageLevel=Question		\|pageLevel=Question
	\|contents=		\|contents=In the United States, certain religious practices have been limited during times of disease. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, limitations on free religious exercise have been visibly witnessed, demonstrating how the right is subject to restrictions during a health crisis. This was observed in the beginning of the pandemic, when many houses of worship challenged their closures by state governments, arguing that such actions violated their rights to free religious exercise. Thus, witnessed through the closing of churches as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, a disaster can alter the Supreme court’s constitutional interpretation of the Free Exercise Clause.
	In the United States, certain religious practices have been limited during times of disease. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, limitations on free religious exercise have been visibly witnessed, demonstrating how the right is subject to restrictions during a health crisis. This was observed in the beginning of the pandemic, when many houses of worship challenged their closures by state governments, arguing that such actions violated their rights to free religious exercise. ~~Though~~, ~~when~~ a ~~specific California church’s case was brought to~~ the ~~Supreme Court~~, the ~~closures were upheld as~~ constitutional~~, Chief Justice Roberts arguing, “Although California’s guidelines place restrictions on places~~ of ~~worship, those restrictions appear consistent with~~ the Free Exercise Clause of the ~~First Amendment”~~ (~~New York Times~~). ~~Emphasized~~ by the ~~California case~~, in ~~times~~ of ~~disease~~, ~~certain religious~~ practices, such as ~~attending largely populated church services~~, ~~can~~ be restricted if ~~they do not correspond with federal public health guidelines~~. ~~Thus~~, ~~witnessed through~~ the ~~closing~~ of ~~churches~~ as a ~~result of~~ the ~~COVID~~-~~19 pandemic~~, ~~a disaster can alter~~ the ~~Supreme court’s constitutional interpretation~~ of the ~~Free Exercise Clause~~.		The COVID-19 pandemic has caused many governments to limit religious gatherings. For example, at the outset of the pandemic, Maryland banned gatherings of more than ten people, including religious services (Pitts 2020). Terrorism has justified bans on Muslim veils in public places, a restriction on the free exercise of religion. From a 2019 piece by the London Schools of Economics’ Stuti Manchanda and Nilay Saiya: “Proponents of restrictions on Muslim veils make three main arguments. First, they claim that enveloping Islamic veils present a physical security threat, insofar as Muslim women might use these traditional Islamic garments to conceal weapons or explosives. ‘You could carry a rocket launcher under your veil,’ as the former President of Latvia, Vaira Vike-Freiberga, put it. Similarly, Paul Nuttall, former leader of the UK Independence Party, justified banning the burqa on similar physical security grounds: ‘Obviously we have a heightened security risk at the moment and for CCTV to be effective, in an age of heightened terror, you need to be able to see people’s faces.’ Finally, British Prime Minister, Boris Johnson, compared Muslim women in veils to letter boxes and bank robbers.” Israel has restricted Muslim practices to respond to terrorism. In 2017, due to a recent incident, Israel banned Muslim men under 50 from visiting the Western Wall (there is some conflicting reporting as to whether the ban extended to non-Muslim men as well). Israel has similarly restricted other sites during times of tension, such as Jerusalem’s Aqsa mosque (Baker 2017). Given that the Western Wall is a sacred site to Muslims, restricting access should be considered a restriction on Muslim practice. The ban still restricted the ability of people to freely worship even if it extended to non-Muslims. Certain US anti-terror policies, though stopping short of restricting Muslim religious practices, have significantly impacted Muslims. In Response to 9-11, Congress passed the USA Patriot Act. The act’s provisions included those designed to facilitate search warrants on suspected terrorists, enable increased surveillance, and prevent terrorists from exploiting the immigration system. These provisions and post-attack suspicion of Muslims have led law-enforcement agencies to disproportionately target them. A 2006 piece by Xavier University’s Kam C. Wong referred to Muslim-Americans’ situation as a “virtual internment camp” (194). Wong cites staggering data on Muslim-Americans between 2001 and 2005; using conservative estimates, 90,000 had been detained, raided, or questioned by the FBI. Similarly, the NYPD ran a controversial program after 9-11 surveilling Muslims. According to the ACLU, its methods included undercover officers in Muslim communities, tracking individuals who had changed their name, and recording information on people who attended Muslim services. The ACLU even claims that the program interfered with Muslim practice by instilling fear that religious doctrine may be misinterpreted by law enforcement (“Factsheet”). From the report: “The NYPD’s suspicionless surveillance has forced religious leaders to censor what they say to their congregants, for fear anything they say could be taken out of context by police officers or informants. Some religious leaders feel they must regularly record their sermons to defend themselves against potential NYPD mischaracterizations. Disruptions resulting from unlawful NYPD surveillance have also diverted time and resources away from religious education and counseling. Muslims have reported feeling pressure to avoid appearing overtly religious, for example, by changing their dress or the length of their beards.

	The COVID-19 pandemic has caused many governments to limit religious gatherings. For example, at the outset of the pandemic, Maryland banned gatherings of more than ten people, including religious services (Pitts [[Probable year:~~: 2020]]) .~~		REFERENCES:
	Terrorism has justified bans on Muslim veils in public places, a restriction on the free exercise of religion. From a [[Probable year:: 2019]] piece by the London Schools of Economics’ Stuti Manchanda and Nilay Saiya:
	“Proponents of restrictions on Muslim veils make three main arguments. First, they claim that enveloping Islamic veils present a physical security threat, insofar as Muslim women might use these traditional Islamic garments to conceal weapons or explosives. ‘You could carry a rocket launcher under your veil,’ as the former President of Latvia, Vaira Vike-Freiberga, put it. Similarly, Paul Nuttall, former leader of the UK Independence Party, justified banning the burqa on similar physical security grounds: ‘Obviously we have a heightened security risk at the moment and for CCTV to be effective, in an age of heightened terror, you need to be able to see people’s faces.’ Finally, British Prime Minister, Boris Johnson, compared Muslim women in veils to letter boxes and bank robbers.”
	Israel has restricted Muslim practices to respond to terrorism. In [[Probable year:: 2017]], due to a recent incident, Israel banned Muslim men under 50 from visiting the Western Wall (there is some conflicting reporting as to whether the ban extended to non-Muslim men as well). Israel has similarly restricted other sites during times of tension, such as Jerusalem’s Aqsa mosque (Baker [[Probable year:: 2017]]) . Given that the Western Wall is a sacred site to Muslims, restricting access should be considered a restriction on Muslim practice. The ban still restricted the ability of people to freely worship even if it extended to non-Muslims. Certain US anti-terror policies, though stopping short of restricting Muslim religious practices, have significantly impacted Muslims. In Response to 9-11, Congress passed the USA Patriot Act. The act’s provisions included those designed to facilitate search warrants on suspected terrorists, enable increased surveillance, and prevent terrorists from exploiting the immigration system. These provisions and post-attack suspicion of Muslims have led law-enforcement agencies to disproportionately target them. A [[Probable year:: 2006]] piece by Xavier University’s Kam C. Wong referred to Muslim-Americans’ situation as a “virtual internment camp” (194). Wong cites staggering data on Muslim-Americans between [[Probable year:: 2001]] and [[Probable year:: 2005]]; using conservative estimates, 90,000 had been detained, raided, or questioned by the FBI.
	Similarly, the NYPD ran a controversial program after 9-11 surveilling Muslims. According to the ACLU, its methods included undercover officers in Muslim communities, tracking individuals who had changed their name, and recording information on people who attended Muslim services. The ACLU even claims that the program interfered with Muslim practice by instilling fear that religious doctrine may be misinterpreted by law enforcement (“Factsheet”). From the report:
	“The NYPD’s suspicionless surveillance has forced religious leaders to censor what they say to their congregants, for fear anything they say could be taken out of context by police officers or informants. Some religious leaders feel they must regularly record their sermons to defend themselves against potential NYPD mischaracterizations. Disruptions resulting from unlawful NYPD surveillance have also diverted time and resources away from religious education and counseling. Muslims have reported feeling pressure to avoid appearing overtly religious, for example, by changing their dress or the length of their beards.

	~~Pitts~~: https://www.~~baltimoresun~~.com/~~coronavirus~~/bs-md-ci-~~churches~~-~~reopening~~-~~20200606~~-~~mgrlkn2kdj d77ealcnnu5lmsoe~~-~~story~~.~~html~~		Luke Baker, “Muslim men over 50 pray at Jerusalem's Aqsa mosque amid tight security”, October 31, 2014: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-palestinians-israel/muslim-men-over-50-pray-at-jerusalems-aqsa-mosque-amid-tight-security-idUSKBN0IK0PR20141031
			“Factsheet: The NYPD Muslim Surveillance Program” https://www.aclu.org/other/factsheet-nypd-muslim-surveillance-program

	Manchada and Saiya: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/~~[[Probable year::~~ 2019]]/ 12/17/why-veil-restrictions-increase-the-risk-of-~~terroris m~~-in-europe/		Stuti Manchada and Nilay Saiya, “Why veil restrictions increase the risk of terrorism in Europe,” 12/17/2019: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2019/12/17/why-veil-restrictions-increase-the-risk-of-terrorism-in-europe/

	~~Examples of conflicting reporting:~~
	~~https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/[[Probable year:: 2017]]/ 07/28/jerusalem-shrine-friday/51921[[Probable year:: 2001]]/~~
	~~and~~
	~~https://www.france24.com/en/israeli-police-security-measures-prepare-prayers-jerusalem-holy-si te-temple-mount-al-aqsa-mosque~~

	~~Baker: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-palestinians-israel/muslim-men-over-50-pray-at-jeru salems-aqsa-mosque-amid-tight-security-idUSKBN0IK0PR2014[[Probable year:: 1031]]~~

	~~History.com Editors: https://www.history.com/topics/21st-century/patriot-act~~

	~~Wong: https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=[[Probable year:: 1111]]& context=mjrl “Factsheet” https://www.aclu.org/other/factsheet-nypd-muslim-surveillance-program~~

			Jonathan M. Pitts, “Houses of worship ‘in no rush’ to reopen as Maryland eases restrictions on indoor gatherings,” Baltimore Sun, Jun 06, 2020: https://www.baltimoresun.com/coronavirus/bs-md-ci-churches-reopening-20200606-mgrlkn2kdjd77ealcnnu5lmsoe-story.html

			Kam C. Wong, The USA Patriot Act: A Policy of Alienation, 12 MICH. J. RACE & L. 161 (2006). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1111&context=mjrl
	}}		}}

Import-sysop: transformed

2022-12-28T22:08:49Z

transformed

Import-sysop: transformed

2022-11-25T19:51:57Z

transformed

New page

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Religion
|section=Limitations - Restrictions
|question=Specific limitations
|questionHeading=Is this right subject to specific limitations in event of emergency (war, brief natural disaster [weather, earthquake], long-run natural disaster [volcano, fire, disease])? Can such limitations be defined in advance with reference to the disaster in question?
|pageLevel=Question
|contents=
In the United States, certain religious practices have been limited during times of disease. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, limitations on free religious exercise have been visibly witnessed, demonstrating how the right is subject to restrictions during a health crisis. This was observed in the beginning of the pandemic, when many houses of worship challenged their closures by state governments, arguing that such actions violated their rights to free religious exercise. Though, when a specific California church’s case was brought to the Supreme Court, the closures were upheld as constitutional, Chief Justice Roberts arguing, “Although California’s guidelines place restrictions on places of worship, those restrictions appear consistent with the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment” (New York Times). Emphasized by the California case, in times of disease, certain religious practices, such as attending largely populated church services, can be restricted if they do not correspond with federal public health guidelines. Thus, witnessed through the closing of churches as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, a disaster can alter the Supreme court’s constitutional interpretation of the Free Exercise Clause.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused many governments to limit religious gatherings. For example, at the outset of the pandemic, Maryland banned gatherings of more than ten people, including religious services (Pitts [[Probable year::2020]]) .
Terrorism has justified bans on Muslim veils in public places, a restriction on the free exercise of religion. From a [[Probable year::2019]] piece by the London Schools of Economics’ Stuti Manchanda and Nilay Saiya:
“Proponents of restrictions on Muslim veils make three main arguments. First, they claim that enveloping Islamic veils present a physical security threat, insofar as Muslim women might use these traditional Islamic garments to conceal weapons or explosives. ‘You could carry a rocket launcher under your veil,’ as the former President of Latvia, Vaira Vike-Freiberga, put it. Similarly, Paul Nuttall, former leader of the UK Independence Party, justified banning the burqa on similar physical security grounds: ‘Obviously we have a heightened security risk at the moment and for CCTV to be effective, in an age of heightened terror, you need to be able to see people’s faces.’ Finally, British Prime Minister, Boris Johnson, compared Muslim women in veils to letter boxes and bank robbers.”
Israel has restricted Muslim practices to respond to terrorism. In [[Probable year::2017]], due to a recent incident, Israel banned Muslim men under 50 from visiting the Western Wall (there is some conflicting reporting as to whether the ban extended to non-Muslim men as well). Israel has similarly restricted other sites during times of tension, such as Jerusalem’s Aqsa mosque (Baker [[Probable year::2017]]) . Given that the Western Wall is a sacred site to Muslims, restricting access should be considered a restriction on Muslim practice. The ban still restricted the ability of people to freely worship even if it extended to non-Muslims. Certain US anti-terror policies, though stopping short of restricting Muslim religious practices, have significantly impacted Muslims. In Response to 9-11, Congress passed the USA Patriot Act. The act’s provisions included those designed to facilitate search warrants on suspected terrorists, enable increased surveillance, and prevent terrorists from exploiting the immigration system. These provisions and post-attack suspicion of Muslims have led law-enforcement agencies to disproportionately target them. A [[Probable year::2006]] piece by Xavier University’s Kam C. Wong referred to Muslim-Americans’ situation as a “virtual internment camp” (194). Wong cites staggering data on Muslim-Americans between [[Probable year::2001]] and [[Probable year::2005]]; using conservative estimates, 90,000 had been detained, raided, or questioned by the FBI.
Similarly, the NYPD ran a controversial program after 9-11 surveilling Muslims. According to the ACLU, its methods included undercover officers in Muslim communities, tracking individuals who had changed their name, and recording information on people who attended Muslim services. The ACLU even claims that the program interfered with Muslim practice by instilling fear that religious doctrine may be misinterpreted by law enforcement (“Factsheet”). From the report:
“The NYPD’s suspicionless surveillance has forced religious leaders to censor what they say to their congregants, for fear anything they say could be taken out of context by police officers or informants. Some religious leaders feel they must regularly record their sermons to defend themselves against potential NYPD mischaracterizations. Disruptions resulting from unlawful NYPD surveillance have also diverted time and resources away from religious education and counseling. Muslims have reported feeling pressure to avoid appearing overtly religious, for example, by changing their dress or the length of their beards.

Pitts: https://www.baltimoresun.com/coronavirus/bs-md-ci-churches-reopening-20200606-mgrlkn2kdj d77ealcnnu5lmsoe-story.html

Manchada and Saiya: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/[[Probable year::2019]]/ 12/17/why-veil-restrictions-increase-the-risk-of-terroris m-in-europe/

Examples of conflicting reporting:
https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/[[Probable year::2017]]/ 07/28/jerusalem-shrine-friday/51921[[Probable year::2001]]/
and
https://www.france24.com/en/israeli-police-security-measures-prepare-prayers-jerusalem-holy-si te-temple-mount-al-aqsa-mosque

Baker: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-palestinians-israel/muslim-men-over-50-pray-at-jeru salems-aqsa-mosque-amid-tight-security-idUSKBN0IK0PR2014[[Probable year::1031]]

History.com Editors: https://www.history.com/topics/21st-century/patriot-act

Wong: https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=[[Probable year::1111]]& context=mjrl “Factsheet” https://www.aclu.org/other/factsheet-nypd-muslim-surveillance-program

}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:08, 28 December 2022
Line 8:		Line 8:
	In the United States, certain religious practices have been limited during times of disease. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, limitations on free religious exercise have been visibly witnessed, demonstrating how the right is subject to restrictions during a health crisis. This was observed in the beginning of the pandemic, when many houses of worship challenged their closures by state governments, arguing that such actions violated their rights to free religious exercise. Though, when a specific California church’s case was brought to the Supreme Court, the closures were upheld as constitutional, Chief Justice Roberts arguing, “Although California’s guidelines place restrictions on places of worship, those restrictions appear consistent with the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment” (New York Times). Emphasized by the California case, in times of disease, certain religious practices, such as attending largely populated church services, can be restricted if they do not correspond with federal public health guidelines. Thus, witnessed through the closing of churches as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, a disaster can alter the Supreme court’s constitutional interpretation of the Free Exercise Clause.		In the United States, certain religious practices have been limited during times of disease. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, limitations on free religious exercise have been visibly witnessed, demonstrating how the right is subject to restrictions during a health crisis. This was observed in the beginning of the pandemic, when many houses of worship challenged their closures by state governments, arguing that such actions violated their rights to free religious exercise. Though, when a specific California church’s case was brought to the Supreme Court, the closures were upheld as constitutional, Chief Justice Roberts arguing, “Although California’s guidelines place restrictions on places of worship, those restrictions appear consistent with the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment” (New York Times). Emphasized by the California case, in times of disease, certain religious practices, such as attending largely populated church services, can be restricted if they do not correspond with federal public health guidelines. Thus, witnessed through the closing of churches as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, a disaster can alter the Supreme court’s constitutional interpretation of the Free Exercise Clause.

	The COVID-19 pandemic has caused many governments to limit religious gatherings. For example, at the outset of the pandemic, Maryland banned gatherings of more than ten people, including religious services (Pitts [[Probable year::2020]]) .		The COVID-19 pandemic has caused many governments to limit religious gatherings. For example, at the outset of the pandemic, Maryland banned gatherings of more than ten people, including religious services (Pitts [[Probable year:: 2020]]) .
	Terrorism has justified bans on Muslim veils in public places, a restriction on the free exercise of religion. From a [[Probable year::2019]] piece by the London Schools of Economics’ Stuti Manchanda and Nilay Saiya:		Terrorism has justified bans on Muslim veils in public places, a restriction on the free exercise of religion. From a [[Probable year:: 2019]] piece by the London Schools of Economics’ Stuti Manchanda and Nilay Saiya:
	“Proponents of restrictions on Muslim veils make three main arguments. First, they claim that enveloping Islamic veils present a physical security threat, insofar as Muslim women might use these traditional Islamic garments to conceal weapons or explosives. ‘You could carry a rocket launcher under your veil,’ as the former President of Latvia, Vaira Vike-Freiberga, put it. Similarly, Paul Nuttall, former leader of the UK Independence Party, justified banning the burqa on similar physical security grounds: ‘Obviously we have a heightened security risk at the moment and for CCTV to be effective, in an age of heightened terror, you need to be able to see people’s faces.’ Finally, British Prime Minister, Boris Johnson, compared Muslim women in veils to letter boxes and bank robbers.”		“Proponents of restrictions on Muslim veils make three main arguments. First, they claim that enveloping Islamic veils present a physical security threat, insofar as Muslim women might use these traditional Islamic garments to conceal weapons or explosives. ‘You could carry a rocket launcher under your veil,’ as the former President of Latvia, Vaira Vike-Freiberga, put it. Similarly, Paul Nuttall, former leader of the UK Independence Party, justified banning the burqa on similar physical security grounds: ‘Obviously we have a heightened security risk at the moment and for CCTV to be effective, in an age of heightened terror, you need to be able to see people’s faces.’ Finally, British Prime Minister, Boris Johnson, compared Muslim women in veils to letter boxes and bank robbers.”
	Israel has restricted Muslim practices to respond to terrorism. In [[Probable year::2017]], due to a recent incident, Israel banned Muslim men under 50 from visiting the Western Wall (there is some conflicting reporting as to whether the ban extended to non-Muslim men as well). Israel has similarly restricted other sites during times of tension, such as Jerusalem’s Aqsa mosque (Baker [[Probable year::2017]]) . Given that the Western Wall is a sacred site to Muslims, restricting access should be considered a restriction on Muslim practice. The ban still restricted the ability of people to freely worship even if it extended to non-Muslims. Certain US anti-terror policies, though stopping short of restricting Muslim religious practices, have significantly impacted Muslims. In Response to 9-11, Congress passed the USA Patriot Act. The act’s provisions included those designed to facilitate search warrants on suspected terrorists, enable increased surveillance, and prevent terrorists from exploiting the immigration system. These provisions and post-attack suspicion of Muslims have led law-enforcement agencies to disproportionately target them. A [[Probable year::2006]] piece by Xavier University’s Kam C. Wong referred to Muslim-Americans’ situation as a “virtual internment camp” (194). Wong cites staggering data on Muslim-Americans between [[Probable year::2001]] and [[Probable year::2005]]; using conservative estimates, 90,000 had been detained, raided, or questioned by the FBI.		Israel has restricted Muslim practices to respond to terrorism. In [[Probable year:: 2017]], due to a recent incident, Israel banned Muslim men under 50 from visiting the Western Wall (there is some conflicting reporting as to whether the ban extended to non-Muslim men as well). Israel has similarly restricted other sites during times of tension, such as Jerusalem’s Aqsa mosque (Baker [[Probable year:: 2017]]) . Given that the Western Wall is a sacred site to Muslims, restricting access should be considered a restriction on Muslim practice. The ban still restricted the ability of people to freely worship even if it extended to non-Muslims. Certain US anti-terror policies, though stopping short of restricting Muslim religious practices, have significantly impacted Muslims. In Response to 9-11, Congress passed the USA Patriot Act. The act’s provisions included those designed to facilitate search warrants on suspected terrorists, enable increased surveillance, and prevent terrorists from exploiting the immigration system. These provisions and post-attack suspicion of Muslims have led law-enforcement agencies to disproportionately target them. A [[Probable year:: 2006]] piece by Xavier University’s Kam C. Wong referred to Muslim-Americans’ situation as a “virtual internment camp” (194). Wong cites staggering data on Muslim-Americans between [[Probable year:: 2001]] and [[Probable year:: 2005]]; using conservative estimates, 90,000 had been detained, raided, or questioned by the FBI.
	Similarly, the NYPD ran a controversial program after 9-11 surveilling Muslims. According to the ACLU, its methods included undercover officers in Muslim communities, tracking individuals who had changed their name, and recording information on people who attended Muslim services. The ACLU even claims that the program interfered with Muslim practice by instilling fear that religious doctrine may be misinterpreted by law enforcement (“Factsheet”). From the report:		Similarly, the NYPD ran a controversial program after 9-11 surveilling Muslims. According to the ACLU, its methods included undercover officers in Muslim communities, tracking individuals who had changed their name, and recording information on people who attended Muslim services. The ACLU even claims that the program interfered with Muslim practice by instilling fear that religious doctrine may be misinterpreted by law enforcement (“Factsheet”). From the report:
	“The NYPD’s suspicionless surveillance has forced religious leaders to censor what they say to their congregants, for fear anything they say could be taken out of context by police officers or informants. Some religious leaders feel they must regularly record their sermons to defend themselves against potential NYPD mischaracterizations. Disruptions resulting from unlawful NYPD surveillance have also diverted time and resources away from religious education and counseling. Muslims have reported feeling pressure to avoid appearing overtly religious, for example, by changing their dress or the length of their beards.		“The NYPD’s suspicionless surveillance has forced religious leaders to censor what they say to their congregants, for fear anything they say could be taken out of context by police officers or informants. Some religious leaders feel they must regularly record their sermons to defend themselves against potential NYPD mischaracterizations. Disruptions resulting from unlawful NYPD surveillance have also diverted time and resources away from religious education and counseling. Muslims have reported feeling pressure to avoid appearing overtly religious, for example, by changing their dress or the length of their beards.
Line 17:		Line 17:
	Pitts: https://www.baltimoresun.com/coronavirus/bs-md-ci-churches-reopening-20200606-mgrlkn2kdj d77ealcnnu5lmsoe-story.html		Pitts: https://www.baltimoresun.com/coronavirus/bs-md-ci-churches-reopening-20200606-mgrlkn2kdj d77ealcnnu5lmsoe-story.html

	Manchada and Saiya: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/[[Probable year::2019]]/ 12/17/why-veil-restrictions-increase-the-risk-of-terroris m-in-europe/		Manchada and Saiya: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/[[Probable year:: 2019]]/ 12/17/why-veil-restrictions-increase-the-risk-of-terroris m-in-europe/

	Examples of conflicting reporting:		Examples of conflicting reporting:
	https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/[[Probable year::2017]]/ 07/28/jerusalem-shrine-friday/51921[[Probable year::2001]]/		https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/[[Probable year:: 2017]]/ 07/28/jerusalem-shrine-friday/51921[[Probable year:: 2001]]/
	and		and
	https://www.france24.com/en/israeli-police-security-measures-prepare-prayers-jerusalem-holy-si te-temple-mount-al-aqsa-mosque		https://www.france24.com/en/israeli-police-security-measures-prepare-prayers-jerusalem-holy-si te-temple-mount-al-aqsa-mosque

	Baker: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-palestinians-israel/muslim-men-over-50-pray-at-jeru salems-aqsa-mosque-amid-tight-security-idUSKBN0IK0PR2014[[Probable year::1031]]		Baker: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-palestinians-israel/muslim-men-over-50-pray-at-jeru salems-aqsa-mosque-amid-tight-security-idUSKBN0IK0PR2014[[Probable year:: 1031]]

	History.com Editors: https://www.history.com/topics/21st-century/patriot-act		History.com Editors: https://www.history.com/topics/21st-century/patriot-act

	Wong: https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=[[Probable year::1111]]& context=mjrl “Factsheet” https://www.aclu.org/other/factsheet-nypd-muslim-surveillance-program		Wong: https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=[[Probable year:: 1111]]& context=mjrl “Factsheet” https://www.aclu.org/other/factsheet-nypd-muslim-surveillance-program


	}}		}}