- User contributions [en]

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Philippines

2024-08-05T23:09:13Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Expression
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Philippines
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=The Philippines has had six different governing constitutions since their proclamation of independence in 1898. The first constitution was put into effect in 1899 and is commonly known as the Malolos Constitution(Constitution Day GOVPH n.d). Article 20 guarantees any Filipino the “the right to freely express his ideas or opinions, orally or in writing, through the use of the press or other similar means.” It is also important to note the succeeding statement in Article 21, “The exercise of the rights provided for in the preceding article shall be subject to general provisions regulating the same.”

Sources:

“Constitution Day GOVPH.” n.d. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines.
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/constitution-day/#:~:text=Th
%20Philippines%20has%20had%20a.

“899 CONSTITUTION of the REPUBLIC of the PHILIPPINES (the MALOLOS
CONSTITUTION).” n.d. Accessed June 7, 2024.
https://www.chanrobles.com/PDF.LAWS/1899%20CONSTITUTION%20OF
%20THE%20REPUBLIC%20OF%20THE%20PHILIPPINES.pdf.
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Peru

2024-08-05T23:08:04Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Expression
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Peru
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=Peru has classified 12 separate documents as constitutions throughout its history. The first was drafted in 1823 but was never officially put into effect and only two have lasted more than 20 years. The first explicit assertion of the right to freedom of expression was illustrated in Section CLIII, Title IX - General Dispositions of the 1928 Political Constitution of the Peruvian Republic, “All may communicate their thoughts verbally, or in writing, and publish them by means of the Press, without previous censorship, but under the responsibility which the Law may determine.”

Sources:

“Northwestern SSO.” n.d. Prd-Nusso.it.northwestern.edu. Accessed June 10, 2024.
https://heinonline-org.turing.library.northwestern.edu/HOL/Page?collection=co
w&handle=hein.cow/bfsprs0016&id=984.

“Peru, Constitutions Encyclopedia.com.” n.d. Www.encyclopedia.com. Accessed
June 7, 2024.
https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts
and-maps/peru-constitutions.
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Papua New Guinea

2024-08-05T23:00:49Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Expression
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Papua New Guinea
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=Papua New Guinea officially enacted their constitution in 1975. Within this constitution, a section titled, “Basic Rights,” officially affords individuals the “freedom of conscience, of expression, of information and of assembly and association.” The freedom of expression, along with the other enumerated rights listed, are not limited on the basis of “race, tribe, places of origin, political opinion, colour, creed or sex.”

Sources:

“University of Minnesota Human Rights Library.” n.d. Hrlibrary.umn.edu. Accessed
June 7, 2024. http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/research/newguinea-constitution.html.

“Papua New Guinea 1975 (Rev. 2016) Constitution - Constitute.” n.d.
www.constituteproject.org.
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Papua_New_Guinea_2016.
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Panama

2024-08-05T22:55:56Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Expression
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Panama
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=The state of Panama has had four separate governing constitutions with the first one being enacted in 1904. Title III, Section 27 of the 1904 Constitution of the Republic of Panama states, “Every person may freely express his opinion, either orally or in writing, by means of the press, or by any other process, without being first subject to censorship, provided always that he refers to the official acts of public functionaries.” Section 27 also recognizes that individuals will incur legal responsibility should “the honor of persons [be] assailed by any of these means.”

Sources:

“Historical Documents - Office of the Historian.” 2024. State.gov. 2024.
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1904/d550.
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Monaco

2024-08-05T02:54:15Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Expression
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Monaco
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=In Monaco's original 1911 Constitution, Title II guaranteed several rights to be protected by the constitution. Article 10, Title II declares “Liberty of religion and of its public exercise, as well as freedom to express opinions on all matters, are guaranteed, except that offenses committed on the occasion of the use of these liberties may be suppressed.”

Sources:

“Northwestern SSO.” n.d. Prd-Nusso.it.northwestern.edu. Accessed June 7, 2024.
https://heinonline-org.turing.library.northwestern.edu/HOL/Page?collection=cow&handle=hein.beal/connat0
002&id=475&men_tab=srchresults.
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Moldova

2024-08-05T02:49:39Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Expression
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Moldova
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=The Moldovan constitutional history is somewhat complex considering its historical association with the Soviet Union as a constituent of the USSR. In 1941, the Moldavian Socialist Republic adopted their first official constitution based on the 1936 Soviet Constitution. In Chapter X, Article 125 of the 1936 Soviet Constitution guarantees citizens of the U.S.S.R. “Freedom of speech; Freedom of the Press; Freedom of assembly and holding mass meetings; Freedom of street processions and demonstrations.” These rights were likely to have been the earliest official assertion of rights and liberties in the Moldavian Socialist Republic Constitution .

Sources:

“Constitutional History of Moldova.” n.d. ConstitutionNet. https://constitutionnet.org/country/moldova.

Was not able to get a citation: https://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/government/constitution/1936/1936-constitution.pdf
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Mexico

2024-08-05T02:47:47Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Expression
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Mexico
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=Mexico has had several constitutions throughout its history with the first, the Constitution of Apatzingán, being in 1814. In Chapter V, Article 40 of the Constitution of Apatzingán, citizens are guaranteed the right to express themselves and manifest their opinions.

Sources:

Not able to get citation: https://www.diputados.gob.mx/biblioteca/bibdig/const_mex/const-apat.pdf
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Mauritania

2024-08-05T02:45:24Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Expression
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Mauritania
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=Since its independence in 1960, Mauritania has operated under various constitutions. Its first constitution was written in 1961 in the nation's then official language: French(Mauritanie, Constitution de 1961, 2024). The Islamic Republic of Mauritania Constitution does not explicitly and directly guarantee the right to freedom of expression. However, in the preamble the country proclaims itself to follow the principles of democracy and the rights outlined in the 1789 Declaration of Human Rights, otherwise known as The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. The French National Assembly asserts that “The unrestrained communication of thoughts and opinions being one of the most precious rights of man, every citizen may speak, write, and publish freely, provided he is responsible for the abuse of this liberty, in cases determined by law.” The previous section also addresses relative aspects of the freedom of expression by providing that “No man ought to be molested on account of his opinions, not even on account of his religious opinions, provided his avowal of them does not disturb the public order established by law.”

Sources:

https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/declaration_of_the_rights_of_man_1789.pdf

“Mauritanie, Constitution de 1961, Digithèque MJP.” 2024. Univ-Perp.fr. 2024.
https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/mr1961.htm.
Robert Earl Handloff. 1990. Mauritania. U.S. Government Printing Office.
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Malta

2024-08-05T02:42:51Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Expression
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Malta
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=Following their independence from British rule in 1964, Malta enacted their first constitution as an independent republic(Malta - Countries - Office of the Historian, n.d). Chapter IV, Article 33 guarantees the “freedom of conscience, of expression and of peaceful assembly and association.”

Sources:

“Northwestern SSO.” n.d. Prd-Nusso.it.northwestern.edu. Accessed June 10, 2024.
https://heinonline-org.turing.library.northwestern.edu/HOL/Page?collection=cow&handle=hein.cow/zzmt006
0&id=16&men_tab=srchresults.

“Malta - Countries - Office of the Historian.” n.d. History.state.gov.
https://history.state.gov/countries/malta.
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Mali

2024-08-05T02:40:56Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Expression
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Mali
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=In 1959, the Sudanese Republic joined with Senegal to create the Federation of Mali but the withdrawal of Senegal shortly thereafter led to the declaration of the Sudanese Republic as the Republic of Mali (2024). In 1960, the Constitution of the Republic of Mali (“Constitutional History of Mali) was enacted which guaranteed the affirmation of rights enshrined in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights in which Article 19 guarantees the “the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers,”(United Nations, 1948).

Sources:

2024. Familysearch.org. 2024.
https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/Mali_History#:~:text=French%20Sudan
%20joined%20with%20Senegal.

“Constitutional History of Mali.” n.d. ConstitutionNet.
https://constitutionnet.org/country/africa-mali.

“Northwestern SSO.” n.d. Prd-Nusso.it.northwestern.edu. Accessed June 8, 2024.
https://heinonline-org.turing.library.northwestern.edu/HOL/Page?handle=hein.cow/zzml0024&collection=cow.

United Nations. 1948. “Universal Declaration of Human Rights.”
https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translatio
ns/eng.pdf.
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Kiribati

2024-08-05T02:38:46Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Expression
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Kiribati
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=Kiribati gained its independence in 1979 which led to the creation of the Constitution of Kiribati that same year. Chapter II guarantees the protection of different fundamental rights and freedoms with the “freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly and association” being listed as the second line of fundamental rights.

Sources:

“Kiribati 1979 (Rev. 2013) Constitution - Constitute.” n.d. Www.constituteproject.org.
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Kiribati_2013.
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Kingdom of the Netherlands

2024-08-05T02:37:27Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Expression
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Kingdom of the Netherlands
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=The Kingdom of the Netherlands gained its independence in 1813 and established their constitution in 1814. Article 7, Chapter 1 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands describes freedom of expression, No one shall require prior permission to publish thoughts or opinions through the press, without prejudice to the responsibility of every person under the law. Rules concerning radio and television shall be laid down by Act of Parliament. There shall be no prior supervision of the content of a radio or television broadcast. No one shall be required to submit thoughts or opinions for prior approval in order to disseminate them by means other than those mentioned in the preceding paragraphs, without prejudice to the responsibility of every person under the law. The holding of performances open to persons younger than sixteen years of age may be regulated by Act of Parliament in order to protect good morals. The preceding paragraphs do not apply to commercial advertising.”

Sources:

“Netherlands 1814 (Rev. 2008) Constitution - Constitute.” n.d. Www.constituteproject.org.
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Netherlands_2008.
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Jordan

2024-08-05T02:34:42Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Expression
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Jordan
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=Jordan has had a single constitution for almost the entirety of their independence. The Constitution of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan was enacted in 1952 and in article 15 of Chapter 2 it states “The State shall guarantee freedom of opinion; and every Jordanian shall freely express his opinion by speech, writing, photography and the other means of expression, provided that he does not go beyond the limits of the law.”

Sources:

“Jordan 1952 (Rev. 2016) Constitution - Constitute.” n.d. Www.constituteproject.org.
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Jordan_2016.
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Italy

2024-08-05T02:33:36Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Expression
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Italy
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=Italy first ratified the Constitution of the Italian Republic in 1947 and it was officially law on January 1, 1948. Article 2 expressly guarantees inviolable rights, including freedom of expression, to any person “both as an individual and in the social groups where human personality is expressed.” Article 21 addresses the freedom of expression in the first line, “Anyone has the right to freely express their thoughts in speech, writing, or any other form of communication,” and includes the right for the press to be protected from authorisation and censorship. Article 21 also includes certain limitations of freedom of expression deeming “Publications, performances, and other exhibits offensive to public morality shall be prohibited,” and that measures to ensure this prohibition “shall be established by law.”

Sources:

“Italy 1947 (Rev. 2012) Constitution - Constitute.” n.d. Www.constituteproject.org.
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Italy_2012.
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Israel

2024-08-05T02:32:13Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Expression
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Israel
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=Israel is one of the few countries in the world that lacks an official written constitution. Multiple attempts have been made as early as 1948 but none have successfully drafted and implemented a formal constitution. Instead, Israeli leaders enacted several pieces of legislation known as the Basic Laws, or Knessets, eleven of which have passed. This has led to multiple changes in “constitutional” legislature from the first Knesset in 1958 to the final two Basic Laws enacted in 1992. Interestingly enough, the Basic Laws that were typically considered to hold constitutional weight, weren’t formally entrenched as laws that supersede common legislature until 1995(2020).

Under these Basic Laws, there is no official guarantee of the protection of freedom of expression. Instead, the Israeli Supreme Court has largely dictated the extent of the right to freedom of expression (Levush, 2019). In Alan Levi And Yaheli Amit v. Southern District Police Commander (1984), the Supreme Court ruled that “The right of demonstration and procession is a fundamental human right in Israel. It is recognized along with free speech, or emanating therefrom - as belonging to the freedoms that characterize Israel as a democratic state.”

However, there are limitations on the freedom of expression should any acts of expression “that constitutes incitement for racism, terrorism and violence; outrage to religious feelings; publication of false news causing fear and alarm; as well as expression of denial of the holocaust and praise for atrocities committed by the Nazis.” (Levush, 2019) Insults to public servants are also punishable by law and result in imprisonment for six months. Furthermore, it is expected that courts balance competing interests when discerning the extent to which the freedom of expression encroaches on other rights that embody the Israeli state(Levush, 2019).

Sources:

2020. Knesset.gov.il. 2020. https://knesset.gov.il/constitution/ConstIntro_eng.htm.

Levush, Ruth. 2019. “Limits on Freedom of Expression.” Maint.loc.gov. June 1, 2019.
https://maint.loc.gov/law/help/freedom-expression/israel.php.

“Israel 1958 (Rev. 2013) Constitution - Constitute.” n.d. Www.constituteproject.org.
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Israel_2013.

Alevi, Alan, Yaheli Amit, Alan Levi, and D Levin. n.d. “393 Police Ordinance (New
Version), 1971, Sections 83, 84 Press Ordinance.” Southern District Police
Commander 1 P.D 38, no. 2: 1214. Accessed June 7, 2024.
https://versa.cardozo.yu.edu/sites/default/files/upload/opinions/Levi%20v.%2
Southern%20District%20Police%20Commander_0.pdf.
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Eswatini

2024-08-05T02:27:42Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Expression
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Eswatini
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=Eswatini has been considered an independent country since 1968 but the earliest assertion of the right to freedom of expression is presented in the Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland Act 2005. In Article 14, Chapter III secures the “freedom of conscience, of expression and of peaceful assembly and association and of movement.”

Sources:

“Eswatini 2005 Constitution - Constitute.” n.d. Www.constituteproject.org.
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Swaziland_2005.
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Estonia

2024-08-05T02:26:05Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Expression
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Estonia
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=The country of Estonia has had three separate governing constitutions, the first of which was enacted in 1920. Section II, Article 13 of the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia declares that “In Esthonia there is freedom for the expression of personal ideas in words, print, letters, pictures and sculpture. This freedom can be restricted only in the defense of the State and morals. There is no censorship in Esthonia.”

Sources:

“Northwestern SSO.” n.d. Prd-Nusso.it.northwestern.edu. Accessed June 8, 2024.
https://heinonline-org.turing.library.northwestern.edu/HOL/Page?collection=co
w&handle=hein.cow/zzee0004&id=2&men_tab=srchresults.

‌“Constitution of Estonia.” 2024. Wikipedia. April 25, 2024.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia#cite_note-5.
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Equatorial Guinea

2024-08-05T02:19:48Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Expression
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Equatorial Guinea
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=Equatorial Guinea were granted their independence from Spanish rule in 1968 which led to the enactment of the Equatorial Guinea Constitution. Title I, Article 3 of the 1968 constitution expressly recognizes and guarantees all rights outlined in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in which Article 19 guarantees the “the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers,”(United Nations, 1948).

Sources:

United Nations. 1948. “Universal Declaration of Human Rights.”
https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translatio
ns/eng.pdf.

“Northwestern SSO.” n.d. Prd-Nusso.it.northwestern.edu. Accessed June 10, 2024.
https://heinonline-org.turing.library.northwestern.edu/HOL/Page?men_tab=srchresults&handle=hein.cow/text
gu0001&id=18&size=2&collection=cow&terms=libertades&termtype=phrase&set_as_cursor=.
}}

Freedom of the Press/Source

2024-08-03T17:35:12Z

Tonazinn: Created page with "{{Right section |right=Freedom of the Press |section=History |question=Source |questionHeading=Freedom of the Press and Marxism |breakout=Philosophies |pageLevel=Section |contents=Early in Karl Marx’s career, he was widely read and praised for his press publications. In 1842, he became editor of the Rheinsche Zeitung für Politik. Handel und Gewerbe which was a newspaper that reported on issues pertaining to politics, trade and commerce. The Rheinische Zeitung as a who..."

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of the Press
|section=History
|question=Source
|questionHeading=Freedom of the Press and Marxism
|breakout=Philosophies
|pageLevel=Section
|contents=Early in Karl Marx’s career, he was widely read and praised for his press publications. In 1842, he became editor of the Rheinsche Zeitung für Politik. Handel und Gewerbe which was a newspaper that reported on issues pertaining to politics, trade and commerce. The Rheinische Zeitung as a whole was a reformist publication that presented and promoted many pro-democracy ideals in a time of Prussian absolutism. The freedom of the press was one of which Marx himself advocated for, largely in response to the government’s increasing support for censorship at the time. These debates that occurred within the Rhineland province of Prussia spurred several articles written by Marx that not only promoted freedom of the press in and of itself, but provided his own insight as to the importance of preserving such a freedom.

Throughout his articles, Marx rebukes arguments made both against the freedom of the press and for censorship. These claims come directly from the debates held by the Sixth Rhine Province Assembly. Marx lays down the foundation for his argument first by rationalizing the limitations of those within the Assembly advocating for free press by exposing their natural disconnect from the issue. Marx claims that “They have never come to know freedom of the press as a vital need. For them it is a matter of the head, in which the heart plays no part,” (Rheinische Zeitung No. 125, Supplement May 5 1842). This, in turn, leads defenders to put forward “vague arguments” that are overwhelmed by the opposing arguments promoting censorship. Notably, Marx then refers to another influential German thinker, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, alluding to the importance of sentimental bonds or, to put it bluntly, love for something. Marx concludes that in order to defend something, one must love it and in order to love something, that thing must be essential to one's existence. The defenders of freedom of the press in the Assembly, as Marx states, “seem to enjoy a complete existence even in the absence of any freedom of the press,” (Rheinische Zeitung No. 125, Supplement May 5 1842).

Following Marx’s opening critique of the debates themselves, he provides a complete rebuttal to the claims made by the speaker of the knightly estate who argued in favor of censorship. Throughout his argument, the speaker insinuates a dissonance between the Assembly as an internal faction of the population that should, at least for the interim, be insulated by the external forces of the provinces. This, Marx believes, is contradictory to the creation of the Assembly itself: “Nothing is more contradictory than that the highest public activity of the province is secret, that in private lawsuits the doors of the court are open to the province, but that in its own lawsuit the province has to remain outside,” (Rheinische Zeitung No. 130, Supplement May 10 1842). This specific claim stems from the lack of accessibility given to the press to report and discuss the decisions and actions pursued by the Assembly. Marx finds it staggering, to say the least, that the public may involve itself in private proceedings and less important legal dealings but is barred from inquiring about decisions made by the Assembly–decisions that clearly impact the lives and welfare of the constituents of each province. However, the speaker does not make his claim without making an argument to support it: “Precisely for that reason [the members of the Assembly] are most of all able to appreciate the value of our words, and do so the more frankly as we allow ourselves to be less subject to external influences, which could only be useful if they came to us in the form of well-meaning counsel, but not in the form of a dogmatic judgment, of praise or blame, seeking to influence our personality through public opinion," (Rheinische Zeitung No. 130, Supplement May 10 1842). This “obtrusively emotional” reasoning does not truly prioritize the safety of an effective Assembly rather it promotes the “Parliamentary freedom” that innately reinforces the hierarchical separation between the ruling class and the provinces. Censorship only further reinforces this “antithesis of the Assembly as something internal and the province as something external,” (Rheinische Zeitung No. 130, Supplement May 10 1842).

These publications are what inspired and propelled Marx to actively argue in favor of the freedom of the press. Marx justifies freedom of the press as “an embodiment of freedom, a positive good, whereas censorship is an embodiment of unfreedom… it has a merely negative nature,” (Rheinische Zeitung No. 132, Supplement May 12 1842). This definition explicitly ties Marxism to the promotion of freedom of the press. With that being said, Marx also claims that censorship “is not an end in itself,” rather the unjustified means to an unjustified end. He calls it “a bad police measure, for it does not achieve what it intends, and it does not intend what it achieves,” (Rheinische Zeitung No. 132, Supplement May 12 1842). Marx concluded that censorship actually augments any “forbidden piece of printed matter” to an “event” and “martyr” to its believers. In other words, censorship works against itself and against those who believe there is something to be gained from it. In this specific publication, Rheinische Zeitung No. 132, Marx finalizes his concerns and frustration in a poetic denouncement of censorship in favor of freedom of the press: “You think it barbaric to blind nightingales, but it does not seem to you meaningless at all barbaric to put out the eyes of the press with the sharp pens of the censorship. You regard it as despotic to cut a free person's hair against his will, but the censorship daily cuts into the flesh of thinking people and allows only bodies without hearts, submissive bodies which show no reaction, to pass as healthy!” (Rheinische Zeitung No. 132, Supplement May 12 1842).

Sources:

“On Freedom of the Press Proceedings of the Sixth Rhine Province Assembly Debates on
Freedom of the Press and Publication of the Proceedings of the Assembly of the Estates.”
2000.
https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/Marx_On_freedom_of_the_Pres
s.pdf.
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Romania

2024-08-03T16:20:21Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Religion
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Romania
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=Romania enacted its first constitution in 1866 which held until it was rewritten in 1923. Title II, Article XXI of the 1866 Constitution of Romania states guarantees the freedom of conscience so long as the celebration of those religions and faiths do not pose a threat to public order. It also acknowledges the Oriental Orthodox religion as the dominant religion while also asserting government oversight of the Romanian Orthodox Church, which was considered the national religion of the state at the time.

Sources:

“1866 CONSTITUTION.” n.d. THE ROYAL HOUSE of HOHENZOLLERN-SIGMARINGEN
ROMANIA. Accessed August 3, 2024. https://www.royalhouseofromaniahohenzollern-sigmaringen.com/constitution-1866.
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Venezuela

2024-08-03T16:15:50Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Religion
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Venezuela
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=Venezuela’s first constitution was officially written in 1811 which included the “Declaration of Rights, by the Supreme Congress of Venezuela” which affirmed the Catholic Apostolic Religion as the only religion allowed to be practiced in the country. In 1864, the Constitution of the United States of Venezuela allowed religious freedom under the condition that, “only those belonging to the Roman Catholic Apostolic religion can perform public worship outside of the churches.” The 1881 Constitution of the United States of Venezuela subsequently altered the assertion of the right with Chapter III, Article 13 stating, “Religious liberty.” This phrasing was used until the adoption of the 1904 constitution that guarantees, “Religious freedom according to the laws and under the Supreme inspection of the President of the Republic,” which connotes certain limits on religion. It was only until the adoption of the 1961 Constitution of the Republic of Venezuela that the freedom “to profess his religious faith and to practice his religion privately or publicly” was added to the preceding canon.

Sources:

“Northwestern SSO.” n.d. Prd-Nusso.it.northwestern.edu. Accessed June 23, 2024.
https://heinonline-org.turing.library.northwestern.edu/HOL/Page?collection=cow&handle=hein.cow/zzve0005
&id=5&men_tab=srchresults.

“Northwestern SSO.” n.d. Prd-Nusso.it.northwestern.edu. Accessed June 23, 2024.
https://heinonline-org.turing.library.northwestern.edu/HOL/Page?collection=cow&handle=hein.cow/zzve0007
&id=7&men_tab=srchresults.

“Northwestern SSO.” n.d. Prd-Nusso.it.northwestern.edu. Accessed June 23, 2024.
https://heinonline-org.turing.library.northwestern.edu/HOL/Page?collection=cow&handle=hein.cow/zzve0135&id=11&men_tab=srchresults.

The Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela was ratified on December 19, 1999. Articles 21.1, 59, and 89.5 grant religious freedom and prohibit religious discrimination. Article 119 protect the religious rights of indigenous people.

Constitution Project. “Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 1999 (Rev. 2009) Constitution.” Constitute. POGO, April 27, 2022. Last modified April 27, 2022. Accessed July 5, 2022. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Venezuela_2009?lang=en.
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Sri Lanka

2024-08-03T16:14:19Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Religion
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Sri Lanka
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=Following its conversion to a republic within the British Commonwealth, Sri Lanka’s 1972 constitution was enacted. Chapter IV, Section 18 outlines the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the government and states, “every citizen shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right shall include the freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and the freedom, either individually or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching.”

Sources:

“Northwestern SSO.” n.d. Prd-Nusso.it.northwestern.edu. Accessed June 21, 2024.
https://heinonline-org.turing.library.northwestern.edu/HOL/Page?handle=hein.cow/zzlk0078&id=22&collection=cow&index=.

The Constitution provides freedom of thought and religion. It recognizes four religions (Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam). It also designates Buddhism as the state religion, thus giving it priority (U.S. Department of State, "[[Probable year:: 2018]] Report on International Religious Freedom: Sri Lanka").
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Spain

2024-08-03T15:17:25Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Religion
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Spain
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=Spain’s earliest iteration of its constitution was the Bayonne Constitution in 1808. Article 21 of the First Title of the Constitution of 1869 states, “The Nation is obligated to maintain the faith and the ministers of the Catholic religion. The public or private exercise of any other faith is guaranteed to all foreigners resident in Spain, without greater limitations than the universal rules of morality and of the law.” If any Spanish citizen also chooses to exercise a religion that is not Catholic, they also enjoy the same freedoms as foreigners that practice alternative religions. Here, there is freedom of religion but there is not necessarily a separation of church and state.

Sources:

“Northwestern SSO.” n.d. Prd-Nusso.it.northwestern.edu. Accessed June 21, 2024.
https://heinonline-org.turing.library.northwestern.edu/HOL/Page?collection=cow&handle=hein.cow/zzes0128
&id=6&men_tab=srchresults.
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Rwanda

2024-08-03T15:12:12Z

Tonazinn:

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Russia

2024-08-03T15:07:42Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Religion
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Russia
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=Russias history with the freedom of religion is somewhat complex. In its first constitution in 1906, Chapter II, Article 49 states, “Russian subjects shall enjoy liberty of conscience. The conditions under which this liberty is enjoyed shall be determined by law.” However, this does not necessarily mean there is a freedom to religion and to practice such religion. With that being said, the 1918 Declaration of the Rights of the Laboring and Exploited People does outline the freedom of religion as well as the separation of church and state, “Every citizen may profess or none at all. Any legal disabilities with the profession of any religion or none are abolished.”

Sources:
“Northwestern SSO.” n.d. Prd-Nusso.it.northwestern.edu. Accessed June 21, 2024.
https://heinonline-org.turing.library.northwestern.edu/HOL/Page?collection=cow&handle=hein.cow/stwar000
1&id=547&men_tab=srchresults.

“Northwestern SSO.” n.d. Prd-Nusso.it.northwestern.edu. Accessed June 21, 2024.
https://heinonline-org.turing.library.northwestern.edu/HOL/Page?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/in
tcon5&id=426&men_tab=srchresults.

The Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations was ratified on September 26, 1997. This law grants religious freedom, equality, and prohibits religious discrimination.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. “Russia: Information on the Law ‘on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations’ and Its Impact on Religious Minorities.” Refworld. Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, November 1997. Last modified November 1997. Accessed June 27, 2022. https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ab968.html.
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Republic of Ireland

2024-08-03T15:05:51Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Religion
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Republic of Ireland
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=Ireland’s first constitution resulted from a bilateral agreement in 1922 with the British Empire that granted Ireland independent sovereignty. Article 8 of the Constitution of the Irish Free State Act states, “Freedom of conscience and the free profession and practice of religion are, subject to public order and morality, guaranteed to every citizen, and no law may be made either directly or indirectly to endow any religion, or prohibit or restrict the free exercise thereof or give any preference, or impose any disability on account of religious belief or religious status, or affect prejudicially the right of any child to attend a school receiving public money without attending the religious instruction at the school, or make any discrimination as respects State aid between schools under the management of different religious denominations, or divert from any religious denomination or any educational institution any of its property except for the purpose of roads, railways, lighting, water or drainage works or other works of public utility, and on payment of compensation.”
Sources:
Book (eISB), electronic Irish Statute. n.d. “Electronic Irish Statute Book (EISB).” Www.irishstatutebook.ie. Accessed
June 21, 2024.
https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1922/act/1/enacted/en/print#:~:text=AN%20ACT%20TO%20ENACT%20
A.

Freedom of religion is guaranteed in the Constitution and religious groups are not required to register with the government. In terms of schooling, religion classes are permitted but parents can opt their students out (U.S. Department of State, "IRELAND 2018 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT").
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Poland

2024-08-03T15:03:43Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Religion
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Poland
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=Poland’s first constitution came in the form of the “Act of the Government,” and was enacted in 1791. Title I addresses religion by naming the Catholic religion the official religion of the country. It also grants government protection to any of those who may practice another religion.
Sources:
“Northwestern SSO.” n.d. Prd-Nusso.it.northwestern.edu. Accessed June 21, 2024.
https://heinonline-org.turing.library.northwestern.edu/HOL/Page?handle=hein.cow/zzpl0056&id=2&collectio
n=cow&index=.

The Constitution of the Republic of Poland was ratified on April 2, 1997. Articles 25, 35.2, 53, 85.3, 233.1 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. “THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND OF 2nd APRIL, 1997.” The Sejm of the Republic of Poland. Last modified 1997. Accessed June 24, 2022. https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm.
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Portugal

2024-08-03T15:01:38Z

Tonazinn:

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Philippines

2024-08-03T14:59:35Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Religion
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Philippines
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=The earliest assertion to the right of religion in the Philippines was presented in the 1899 Malolos Constitution. Title III, Article 5 states, “The State recognizes the freedom and equality of all beliefs, as well as the separation of Church and State.”
Sources:
Official Gazette. 1899. “The 1899 Malolos Constitution GOVPH.” Official Gazette
of the Republic of the Philippines. 1899.
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1899-malolos-constitution/.

The constitution of the Republic of the Philippines was ratified on February 2, 1987. Articles 3 section 5, 6 Section 28(3), 14 Section 3(3) grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit discrimination. Article 3 section 5 forbids the Philippines from the establishment of a state religion.
Constitutional Commission of 1986. “The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines: Govph.” Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Last modified 2022. Accessed June 24, 2022. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/.
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Peru

2024-08-03T14:55:58Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Religion
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Peru
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=Peru enacted its first national constitution in 1823 which granted rights exclusively to men who held property and proved themselves to be literate(Peru, Constitutions, Encyclopedia.com). Over a century later, the 1933 Constitution of the Republic of Peru guarantees the freedom to religion in Title 14, Article 232 while protecting and maintaining Catholicism as the state religion.

Sources:
“Peru, Constitutions Encyclopedia.com.” n.d. Www.encyclopedia.com. Accessed
June 20, 2024.
https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-
and-maps/peru-constitutions#:~:text=The%201823%20constitution%20extended%20political.

“Northwestern SSO.” n.d. Prd-Nusso.it.northwestern.edu. Accessed June 21, 2024.
https://heinonline-org.turing.library.northwestern.edu/HOL/COWShow?collection=cow&cow_id=326.

The current Constitution of Peru was ratified on 31 December 1993. Articles 2.2, 2.3, and 37 grant religious freedom, equality, and prohibit religious discrimination. Article 50 recognizes the Catholic Church as historically, culturally, and morally important.

Constitution Project. “Peru 1993 (Rev. 2021) Constitution.” Constitute. POGO, April 27, 2022. Last modified April 27, 2022. Accessed June 24, 2022. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Peru_2021?lang=en.
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Norway

2024-08-03T14:49:32Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Religion
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Norway
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=Norway has operated on the second most enduring constitution in the world since 1814. In its original iteration, the freedom of religion was not only absent but the constitution itself also barred certain religions from being practiced and legally prohibited jews from entering the country. In 2012, Norway officially and explicitly guaranteed the freedom of religion through a constitutional amendment securing a secular Norwegian state. However, there are bans on traditional and religious muslim clothing attire still in effect today.

Sources:
“Northwestern SSO.” n.d. Prd-Nusso.it.northwestern.edu. Accessed June 20, 2024.
https://heinonline-org.turing.library.northwestern.edu/HOL/Page?collection=cow&handle=hein.cow/zzno0083&id=3&men_tab=srchresults.

“Freedom of Religion in Norway.” 2024. Wikipedia. May 11, 2024.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Norway#:~:text=nurseries%2C%20and%20universities.-.
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Haiti

2024-08-03T14:47:50Z

Tonazinn:

{{Right section
|right=Freedom of Religion
|section=History
|question=Country sources
|questionHeading=What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right?
|breakout=Haiti
|pageLevel=Breakout
|contents=Haiti enacted its first constitution in 1801 which asserted the Catholic religion, Roman and Apostolic, to be the only religion “publicly professed,” (Mitch Abidor 2019). In 1805 however, Haiti enacted a new constitution that effectively retracts the Catholic religion as the official religion of the country. Furthermore, it states that “The freedom of worship is tolerated.” (“Haiti: 1805 Constitution” 1805).

Sources
Mitch Abidor. 2019. “Constitution of 1801 by Haiti 1801.” Marxists.org. 2019.
https://www.marxists.org/history/haiti/1801/constitution.htm.

“Haiti: 1805 Constitution.” 1805. Faculty.webster.edu. 1805.
http://faculty.webster.edu/corbetre/haiti/history/earlyhaiti/1805-const.htm.
}}

Freedom of Religion/History/Country sources/Guatemala

2024-08-02T23:11:38Z

Tonazinn: